Home Table of Contents

10 April 2026, Volume 47 Issue 7
    

  • Select all
    |
    Advanced Materials
  • A Thioctic Acid-based Photocurable Composite Resin with Adjustable Mechanical Properties for High-resolution 3D Printing
    CHEN Qinqin, LIU Ruitong, TIAN Junfei, HE Minghui, CHEN Guangxue
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 1-8. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the demand for customizable, high-performance bio-based materials in green packaging, the work aims to develop a bio-based photocurable resin combining high dynamic stiffness with steady-state flexibility for high-resolution DLP 3D printing of precision packaging structures. Eugenol lipoate (EugLp) was synthesized via esterification of DL-thioctic acid and eugenol, and then blended with LA monomer to construct the photocurable system. The effects of LA content on material properties were investigated through rheological, mechanical, and dynamic mechanical analyses, along with an assessment of 3D printability. The EugLp/LAx resin exhibited high bio-based content and low viscosity, forming an interpenetrating topological network through the synergistic reaction of carbon-carbon double bonds and dynamic disulfide bonds during photocuring. By adjusting the EugLp/LAx ratio, the crosslinking density and dynamic bond distribution were precisely controlled to optimize material performance. The resin with 30 wt% LA content achieved optimal properties, with a tensile strength of 2.3 MPa, elongation at break of 61.6%, and a printing feature size as fine as 22 μm. Overall, this resin enhances the mechanical performance of sustainable materials while enabling high-precision 3D printing, providing a promising material solution for green precision packaging and customized structural components.
  • Preparation and Properties of Novel Quaternary Phosphonium Salt-Benzoxazine Antibacterial EP and TPE Composites
    QIAN Zhijin, LU Yilin, WANG Juntao, SHAO Mingzhe, LUAN Yihao, LI Jie, WANG Lijun
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 9-15. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.002
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Plastic packaging is extensively utilized. However, its surfaces are susceptible to microbial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation, thereby elevating the risks of contamination and cross-infection. In addition, conventional low-molecular-weight antimicrobial agents incorporated into plastics frequently exhibit undesired migration/leaching as well as inadequate thermal resistance. Accordingly, the work aims to develop an EP/TPE-based antimicrobial composite system that achieves high antibacterial efficiency while retaining favorable thermal stability and mechanical performance. An epoxy resin (EP) and a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) were employed as the matrix, into which a quaternary phosphonium-benzoxazine compound was introduced as the antimicrobial agent. The constituents were thoroughly blended and then cured to fabricate the composite, with the intent of immobilizing the antibacterial functionalities within the material and realizing synergistic enhancement of overall properties. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicated that the antimicrobial agent exhibited a decomposition temperature at 10% mass loss (Td10%) exceeding 300 °C, suggesting that it was sufficiently thermally robust for typical polymer-processing temperature. After incorporation of the antimicrobial agent, both strength and toughness were improved concurrently. In particular, the tensile strength increased by up to 103% relative to the blank control. Antibacterial assays performed against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) showed that, at an antimicrobial monomer loading of 2.5 wt%, the antibacterial rate exceeded 99.99%. The quaternary phosphonium-benzoxazine-based antimicrobial plastic system delivers highly efficient antibacterial activity at relatively low loading, enhances mechanical performance, and provides thermal stability adequate to satisfy processing requirements.
  • Preparation and Properties of Flame-retardant Camellia Oleifera Shell/Polypropylene Composites
    CHEN Zhirong, DENG Chao, WU Wanhui, FENG Aijun, OU Rongxian, HAO Xiaolong, SHUAI Heping, LIU Tao, WANG Qingwen
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 16-24. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.003
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to investigate the synergistic flame-retardant mechanism of camellia oleifera shell (COS) combined with aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) for the preparation of halogen-free flame-retardant wood-plastic composites (WPCs). Using polypropylene (PP) as the matrix, COS as the filler, and ADP and APP as synergistic flame retardants, flame-retardant COS/PP composites (PCDP) were fabricated by melt extrusion and injection molding. The flame retardancy, thermal degradation behavior, and mechanical properties of each formulation were evaluated by LOI, UL-94 vertical burning test, CONE, scanning electron microscopy with SEM-EDS, and TG-FTIR. The optimal formulation PCDP-5 achieved an LOI of 28.4% and a UL-94 V-0 rating. Compared with PCDP-1, pHRR, THR, and pSPR decreased by 34.4%, 24.5%, and 15%, respectively, while the tensile modulus, flexural modulus, and notched impact strength increased by 27.4%, 17.6%, and 9.2%, respectively. In conclusion, the lignin contained in COS provides aromatic char-forming sources. Together with ADP and APP, it establishes a multi-component flame-retardant system in which condensed-phase catalytic charring and gas-phase radical trapping act synergistically to deliver effective flame retardancy without appreciable loss of mechanical performance. These findings offer guidance for the application of flame-retardant WPCs in packaging and for the utilization of camellia oleifera shells.
  • Preparation and Ultraviolet Shielding Properties Characterization of Tannic Acid-Phytic Acid/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Films
    XIE Haiyan, DENG Jiayi, ZHOU Yeyao, LIU Li, ZHU Ziwangyan, LIU Pengfei, LAI Dengwang
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 25-33. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.004
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    In response to the problem of insufficient ultraviolet shielding performance of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films, the work aims to prepare a high-performance composite film that can meet the ultraviolet protection requirements of food and drug packaging to expand the application scope of PVA-based packaging materials. Phytic acid (PA) and tannic acid (TA) were added to polyvinyl alcohol to make a composite film, the ultraviolet transmittance of the film in a certain wavelength range was tested, and the impact of PA and TA content on the ultraviolet shielding performance of the film was investigated. With the addition of TA alone, the ultraviolet transmittance of the PVA film was less than 10% and the film showed good ultraviolet shielding ability. Adding PA alone also made the PVA film have a certain ultraviolet shielding ability, with its ultraviolet transmittance in the range of 60%-80%. When TA and PA were added into PVA composite film according to the ratio of 5%TA-10%PA, the film had a ultraviolet transmittance of almost 0, while maintaining good mechanical properties. The combination of PA and TA can significantly improve the ultraviolet shielding ability of the PVA film. The composite film has excellent ultraviolet protection effect, which makes it have a wide application prospect in food and drug packaging and other fields.
  • Research Progress on β-cyclodextrin Plant Essential Oil Microcapsules in Active Packaging
    WANG Lin, MA Zhe, WANG Jianchuang, ZHANG Yan
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 34-45. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.005
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to systematically review the inclusion mechanism and preparation methods of β-CD plant essential oil microcapsules, as well as their application efficacy in active packaging and elucidate the mechanism by which they enhance the stability and controlled release performance of essential oils, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the development of natural active packaging materials. Through literature review and comprehensive analysis, the host-guest inclusion mechanism of β-CD and plant essential oils was summarized, the preparation techniques of both single β-CD wall material and composite wall material microcapsules were consolidated, their differences in structural characteristics, oil loading capacity, stability, and release behavior were compared, and their application modes and preservation effects in food active packaging systems were evaluated. β-CD could effectively encapsulate hydrophobic active components of plant essential oils, significantly improving their thermal stability, antioxidant activity, and processing adaptability. The composite wall material system outperformed the single β-CD system in terms of encapsulation efficiency, sustained release performance, and structural controllability. β-CD essential oil microcapsules demonstrated good application potential in inhibiting microbial growth, delaying food quality deterioration, and extending shelf life. β-CD plant essential oil microcapsules represent an important technological approach for achieving stable incorporation and controlled release of essential oils, holding broad application prospects in the field of active packaging. Future efforts should further focus on the evaluation of food sensory quality, low-cost large-scale preparation, and regulation of release behavior under dynamic storage environments, in order to promote their large-scale and standardized application in food packaging materials.
  • Preparation of Hydrophobic Cellulose Transparent Films and Their Application in Degradable Laser Packaging
    WANG Xiaochun, LI Jing, PAN Chengfu, CHEN Geng, JIANG Zihan, ZHANG Guohua, HE Minghui, LYU Wei
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 46-53. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.006
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address plastic pollution and bottlenecks of existing packaging materials and respond to the "replace plastic with paper" strategy, the work aims to develop a hydrophobic cellulose transparent film and integrally prepare a degradable laser holographic film via synergistic optimization of fiber structure, photocuring system and molding process. With bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp (BEKP) as the substrate, base paper was fabricated with optimized PFI beating (15 000 revolutions, beating degree 30°R-40°R). A composite photocuring system of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (EHA), 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) was adopted. The transparent film showed excellent performance of transparency 88.9%, haze 18.4%, maximum tensile strength 53.1 MPa, water contact angle 105.8°, theoretical bio-based content 72%, and 60.2% degradation rate after 80-day soil burial. By increasing impregnating solution retention and replacing release films with recyclable PET aluminum-coated films, conformal transfer of aluminum layer and microstructures was realized. The degradable laser holographic film is successfully applied to cigarette packaging, overcoming core drawbacks of traditional laser transfer paper (color cracking, peeling, insufficient barrier property) with simplified process and lower energy consumption, showing broad prospects in green tobacco/alcohol and anti-counterfeiting packaging.
  • Effective Construction of Superhydrophobic Inner Surfaces for Packaging
    WANG Fengkai, HU Yanhong, ZHANG Xin, YANG Lei, GUO Lichun
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 54-61. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.007
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to effectively construct superhydrophobicity on the inner surface of packaging materials, enhance the mechanical durability of material superhydrophobicity, and achieve a highly stable superhydrophobic state. The effects of low-pressure spray parameters on the microstructure and material hydrophobicity were investigated. Roll coating, low-pressure spraying, and different parameter settings were adopted to compare the hydrophobic performance of the composite coating solution formed on the inner surface of packaging materials. Through process parameter adjustment, the optimal process parameters for effectively constructing a superhydrophobic packaging inner surface were determined as follows: spray pressure of 1.6 bar (1 bar=100 kPa), hydraulic pressure of 1.2 bar, substrate preheating temperature of 60 ℃, hot plate temperature of 100 ℃, and spray distance of 120 mm. Under these conditions, the water contact angle of the prepared superhydrophobic surface stably reached above 175°, the impact resistance of the superhydrophobic inner surface reached 85 drops, and the mechanical durability was increased by 15 times. In conclusion, higher gas pressure than hydraulic pressure contributes to the optimal atomization and film-forming performance of the coating. With the assistance of heating regulation, a stable micro-nano hierarchical structure can be fabricated. Low-pressure spraying is more suitable for the efficient construction of superhydrophobic packaging inner surfaces compared with roll coating. This study successfully achieves a highly durable and stable superhydrophobic interface, meeting the research objective of improving the anti-adhesion performance of packaging.
  • Preparation and Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Maltodextrin Composite Water-soluble Films for Oral Care Product Packaging
    CHEN Zhijie, FAN Xiaoping, LI Yuxian, LIN Mingxiang
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 62-72. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.008
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to develop a polyvinyl alcohol-based water-soluble film with high mechanical properties and dissolution rate, providing a new packaging method for oral care products. Polyvinyl alcohol and maltodextrin were mixed in a certain proportion and added with polyethylene glycol as a plasticizer to prepare a series of water-soluble films by the coating method. The mechanical properties and dissolution performance of the water-soluble films were analyzed through single-factor and orthogonal experiments, and their application effect in packaging oral care products was verified. The orthogonal experiment results showed that the water-soluble film with a solute mass fraction of 0.18 g/mL, a solute ratio (polyvinyl alcohol:maltodextrin) of 3:1, and a volume ratio of plasticizer to solution of 0.009 mL/mL had the highest comprehensive score. The tensile strength and elongation at break were 42.06 MPa and 218.58%, respectively and the dissolution time was 41.57 s, which represented an increase of 3.78% and 41.78%, respectively, and a 49.54% reduction in dissolution time compared to those of pure polyvinyl alcohol films. After this water-soluble film was used to package the dry toothpaste and tooth powder and tested for dissolution effect, the tooth powder package showed excellent dissolution rate, and was completely dissolved and dispersed in water after 20 s. The dissolution rate of the toothpaste package was slower, and was completely dissolved after 60 s. The optimal group of water-soluble films obtained from the orthogonal experiment exhibits the best comprehensive mechanical and dissolution properties. Microscopic characterization reveals a dense surface structure, excellent compatibility among components, and a sound foundation for functionalization. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirms that the stability of the system mainly stems from strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between components. Water contact angle measurements indicate that water-soluble films of different components exhibit consistent wetting behavior and favorable storage stability. In addition, the endothermic peaks of each component show slight differences in the thermal analysis curves, which, combined with the characteristic crystallinity of polyvinyl alcohol observed in the diffraction patterns, further verify the homogeneity of the system. In summary, this water-soluble film demonstrates promising application potential in the novel packaging field of oral care products.
  • Optimization of L-Malic Acid Separation and Purification Process from Fermentation Broth Based on Ion Exchange Method
    DENG Xuecong, FU Shaoping, YANG Xuechen, DENG Honggang, XIA Jianye, ZHENG Yu, LIU Yanhua
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 73-82. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.009
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to develop an ion exchange-based purification process to improve product recovery and purity, so as to address the problems of low recovery and insufficient purity in the separation and purification of L-malic acid from fermentation broth. D380 ion exchange resin was selected through static adsorption and elution experiments, and the adsorption mechanism was analyzed with kinetic models and the Yoon-Nelson model. Key parameters including sample concentration, flow rate, column height-to-diameter ratio, eluent concentration, and flow rate were optimized by dynamic column chromatography. The optimal adsorption conditions were: sample concentration 40 g/L, sample volume 60 mL, height-to-diameter ratio 1∶5, and flow rate 2 BV/h. The optimal elution conditions were 0.4 mol/L ammonia water at a flow rate of 1 BV/h. After 6.3-fold scale-up, the separation resolution between L-malic acid, fumaric acid, and succinic acid was significantly improved, achieving a yield of 93.24%. Combined with subsequent desalination and crystallization steps, the final product exhibited a mass purity of 97.45% and chromatographic purity greater than 99.70%, with an overall process yield of 79.40%. The ion exchange purification process established in this study enables efficient separation of L-malic acid and holds promising potential for industrial application.
    • Agro-products Preservation and Food Packaging
  • Preparation of Anthocyanins of Lycium Ruthenicum Murray Smart Indicator Films and Their Application in Freshness Detection of Chilled Pork
    DONG Jing, LIU Yang, WANG Yixuan
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 83-91. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.010
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Lycium ruthenicum Murray are rich in anthocyanins. Changes in acidity and alkalinity can alter the cloud distribution of electrons and conjugated structure of the core part of anthocyanin molecules, thereby affecting their light absorption and causing reversible color changes with changes in environmental pH. The work aims to utilize the natural pH-responsive indicator property of anthocyanins of Lycium ruthenicum Murray to develop a visual freshness indicator film for detecting the freshness of chilled pork. With anthocyanins of Lycium ruthenicum Murray as the indicator, methylcellulose as the matrix, polyethylene glycol-6000 as the toughening agent, and glycerol as the plasticizer, an indicator film was prepared to study the effects of the concentration and amount of anthocyanins of Lycium ruthenicum Murray, glycerol addition, and ethanol concentration on the mechanical properties, moisture content, and water solubility of the film, as well as the pH responsiveness. The experimental results showed that at the anthocyanins of Lycium ruthenicum Murray (LRA) concentration of 25%, ethanol concentration of 45%, and 40 min of ultrasonication, the LRA yield was 14.67 mg/g. The indicator film containing 25% methylcellulose and 3 mL LRA exhibited the best mechanical properties (tensile strength of 25.8 MPa) and moisture barrier performance (moisture content of 8.2%) due to the formation of a dense hydrogen bond network. The LRA indicator film exhibits good pH responsiveness, allowing intuitive monitoring of the freshness of chilled meat, providing a low-cost and efficient solution for quality control in cold chain logistics, and offering a reference for the promotion of edible smart visual monitoring technology in cold chains.
  • Development of PLA/PBAT/TPS-based Active Modified Atmosphere Packaging Films for Preserving Green Color in Perfume Lemons
    ZHANG Chen, LU Xinyu, LIU Xiaofang, YANG Dingyan, FAN Min, Wang Daode, LI Li
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 92-102. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.011
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The gas permeability of packaging films is crucial for regulating the post-harvest micro-environment of fruits and vegetables. The work aims to extend the freshness preservation period of perfume lemon by designing the gas permeability of the films to regulate the dynamic balance of O2 and CO2 inside the packaging, thereby inhibiting respiration, maintaining green color, and delaying physiological senescence. Composite films with different gradients of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) were prepared via melt extrusion to investigate the barrier properties and mechanical performance of the composite films. Then, the films were subsequently applied in the preservation experiment of perfume lemon. The ability of the films to maintain fruit appearance was evaluated through physicochemical indicators, including analysis of gas composition inside the package, weight loss rate, and chlorophyll content. The 3PLA-7PBAT composite film (PLA/PBAT/thermoplastic starch ratio of 16/64/20) demonstrated excellent gas regulation capability, with an O2 transmission rate of (221.02±58.74) cm3/(m2·24 h·0.1 MPa). This combination of properties enabled it to maintain an ideal gas atmosphere inside the packaging during room-temperature preservation experiments, effectively suppressing chlorophyll degradation and preserving the characteristic color of fragrance lemon. Consequently, the green-retention period was prolonged by 250% compared with that of the untreated group. In conclusion, this research confirms that the ratio of PLA to PBAT is key to regulating the properties of PLA/PBAT/TPS composite films and their green-keeping effect on perfume lemons. The 3PLA-7PBAT composite film exhibits the best green-keeping performance by precisely adjusting gas permeability and optimizing the packaging micro-environment. This research provides new insights for the green and functional design of bio-based packaging materials.
  • Exploration on Mechanism by Which Exogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Delays Browning of Chinese Chestnut Kernels
    CAO Meng, JIN Yuhui, ZHOU Feng, YANG Ruyi, LI Jianfang
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 103-110. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.012
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to explore the effect and mechanism of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide on delaying the browning of Chinese chestnut kernels and improving the storage quality of Chinese chestnuts. The Xinyang high-quality Yuluohong Chinese chestnut was used as the test material, and the Chinese chestnut kernels were soaked in hydrogen peroxide solutions with concentrations of 1, 5 and 10 mmol/L at room temperature (25 ℃) for 3 min, and then treated with water as the control group, and finally stored in vacuum packaging for 15 d. The weight loss rate, browning degree, malondialdehyde content, catalase and peroxidase activity were measured every 3 d. During storage, compared with the blank group, the browning degree of Chinese chestnut kernels treated with 5 mmol/L exogenous hydrogen peroxide decreased by 5.9%, the weight loss rate decreased by 42.2%, the activity of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) increased to a certain extent, and the activity of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) decreased. The accumulation of malondialdehyde in Chinese chestnut cells was effectively slowed down within 9 d of storage, thus delaying the browning of Chinese chestnut kernels. In conclusion, after low concentration hydrogen peroxide treatment, the browning of Chinese chestnut kernels can be effectively slowed down, while high concentration treatment is not conducive to its storage quality. Among them, 5 mmol/ L hydrogen peroxide treatment has the best effect on browning inhibition. This result provides a theoretical basis for the storage and preservation of Chinese chestnut.
  • Detection and Analysis of Three Typical Risk Substances in Plastic PE Inner Plugs
    ZHANG Zhili, LI Ruifen, JIANG Chuanxing, SUN Hongqiang, GAO Jingjing, LIU Yitong, LIANG Jinhai, XU Chao
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 111-117. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.013
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The quality of polyethylene (PE) inner plugs affects the safety of packaged food. The work aims to analyze and study the content of three types of additives, namely flame retardants, antioxidants, and lubricants, in PE inner plugs. The laboratory-established method was adopted to conduct rapid screening and detection analysis of the three target substances in PE inner plugs. Testing was conducted on 15 batches of PE inner plugs. The results showed that triethyl phosphate (TEP) was detected in 2 batches, antioxidant 264 in 3 batches, and oleamide in 4 batches. It was also observed that the bottle cap inner plugs tended to yellow after prolonged storage at high temperatures, and that low-alcohol liquor tended to produce a white flocculent precipitate under low-temperature conditions. It is suggested that from the consumer level, the production enterprise level, and the government supervision level, product quality management should be strengthened, attention should be paid to consumers' experience effects and complaints, the formulation and revision of standards should be promoted, and risk monitoring, supervision and inspection of products should be actively carried out. The research and promotion of green packaging products should be accelerated to minimize the impact of risk substances in plastic products on human health.
  • Applicability of Detection Method for Heavy Metals (Calculated as Pb) in Tinplate Coatings
    ZOU Xiaona, LIU Bin, LIANG Weifeng, YAO Haocheng, CHEN Yanfen, LI Dan
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 118-124. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.014
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to propose an improvement suggestion for the testing method specified in the national standard for determining heavy metals (calculated as Pb) in coatings of tinplate cans with direct colorimetry method. For common metal-coated samples, a direct colorimetric test was conducted. For the positive samples obtained from the test, in addition to using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) for metal element screening, a spiked compound test and a direct colorimetric verification test with glass plate coating were also carried out. Forty-eight metal-coated samples were screened for heavy metals with the direct colorimetric method. The results showed that only the inner coating samples of tinplate cans tested positive for heavy metals (calculated as Pb). Quantitative determination by ICP-OES indicated that, with the exception of iron and tin, the total mass concentration of other heavy metal elements in the samples was all below 1.0 mg·L-1. The standard addition test indicated that high-concentration iron solution remained brownish red after reacting with sodium sulfide, while tin standard solution turned yellowish-green, with only a slight impact on color observation. All glass plate coating simulation test results were negative, confirming that iron and tin originated from the metal base of the can, not the coating. The national standard method of directly determining heavy metals (calculated as Pb) in the coating of tin cans has interference. Samples should be redesigned based on the actual situation to obtain reliable results.
    • Automatic and Intelligent Technology
  • Motion Stability Analysis of Brick Packing Robotic Arms Based on the Parallel Mechanism
    WANG Zhenyu, DENG Haishun, BAI Ruoyun, HUANG Zhixiang, HAN Tianqi
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 125-131. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.015
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the issue of bricks falling or being damaged due to vibration in the existing brick packing robotic arm, the work aims to improve the motion stability of the robotic arm during the palletizing operation. The structure and working conditions of the brick packing robotic arm were analyzed, the motion equations of its parallel mechanism were derived, and its end posture maintaining characteristics were verified. Then, forward and inverse kinematic analyses of the brick packing robotic arm were carried out with the standard D-H parameter method. The shortest path planning simulation of the robotic arm was performed through MATLAB to obtain the time-varying patterns of joint displacements, velocities, and accelerations during the robotic arm's movement. Finally, the impact of trajectory planning on the gripping force of the gripper was analyzed. At the initial and final moments, the numerical values of the speed and acceleration curves of each joint of the robotic arm were all zero, with a continuous and smooth overall trend, and the change amplitude was gentle without drastic fluctuations. The total inertial force of the brick was 477.19 N, clearly less than the clamping force required for a single pair of main claws, 497.07 N. Performing shortest path planning for the robotic arm can avoid shock and vibration phenomena during the palletizing process, significantly improving the vibration stability and gripping reliability of the robotic arm during palletizing.
  • Multi-objective Optimization of Key Structural Parameters of Aluminum-plastic Heat Sealing Heating Rolls Based on BP-NSGA-II
    ZHANG Zhiqiang, ZHANG Beilong, CHEN Guangwei, LUO Dadi, WANG Xinghe
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 132-139. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.016
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to optimize the key structural parameters of the aluminum-plastic heat sealing heating roller to improve the uniformity of its working surface temperature. A temperature field simulation model was established for the key structure of the heating roller and the uniformity of the working surface temperature under different structural parameters (δ1, δ2) was numerically simulated to obtain the discrete data of the temperature uniformity on the working surface. Based on the simulation results, a BP neural network prediction model was constructed to precisely map the complex nonlinear relationship between the structural parameters and the temperature uniformity indicators (ΔTmax, Tf, Tu). With the BP neural network prediction results as the fitness function, the NSGA Ⅱ non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was adopted to conduct multi-objective optimization for the key structural parameters. After optimization, when the maximum temperature difference ΔTmax on the working surface of the heating roller was 1.13 ℃, the temperature fluctuation degree Tf was 0.50 ℃, and the temperature uniformity index Tu was 0.995 4 and the corresponding internal structure parameters were δ1 = 14 mm and δ2 = 10 mm. Compared with the existing heating rollers of the enterprise, ΔTmax was reduced by 6.39 ℃, Tf was reduced by 2.19 ℃, and Tu increased by 0.014 6. The multi-objective optimization model for key structural parameters of the heating roller, constructed based on BP-NSGA-II, can systematically analyze the relationship between the uniformity of the working surface temperature and the structural parameters, effectively reduce the errors caused by the coupling of multiple factors in traditional research, and provide theoretical support for the intelligent upgrade of the aluminum-plastic heat-sealing packaging industry.
  • Nondestructive Detection Method for Multi-layer Packaging Structures Based on Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy
    KANG Kai, WU Wangjie, ZHANG Xiaochuan, SUO Yijin
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 140-148. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.017
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to address the challenge of balancing nondestructiveness, speed, and accuracy in measuring internal structure parameters and detecting defects of multi-layer packaging. A detection scheme based on Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy (THz-TDS) was proposed. Firstly, a transmission-based THz experimental system was set up to collect time-domain and frequency-domain signals of two typical plastics (PET and PC) in different thicknesses and multi-layer packaging structures, and a thickness inversion model based on flight time and frequency-domain phase was established and the algorithm was optimized. Then, a reflection-based THz imaging system was built to conduct defect detection experiments on pharmaceutical blister packaging. The experimental results showed that this technology could accurately identify the thickness of plastic sheets inside corrugated paper and pearl cotton packaging and achieve visual identification of defects in blister capsules inside paper packaging. This research verifies the feasibility and superiority of THz-TDS technology in nondestructive detection of multi-layer packaging, achieving the research goals of nondestructive, rapid, and precise detection, and providing a new technical path for packaging quality inspection.
  • Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Droplet Spreading Dynamics of Needle Dispensing Valve
    WU Qiumin, LUO Yichao, SUN Dongyue, WANG Zhibin, WEI Xingqiang, CHEN Zhijian
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 149-158. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.018
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to analyze the droplet spreading behavior of needle dispensing valves to improve the predictability and controllability of droplet size so as to improve the precision of droplet size spreading in the glue dispensing process for packaging materials. A transient simulation model for droplet ejection from the needle dispensing valve was developed by ANSYS Fluent, incorporating the VOF multiphase flow model and dynamic mesh technology. This model was used to analyze the effects of supply pressure, needle lift coefficient, valve opening time, and glycerol volume fraction on the spreading diameter. Concurrently, a high-precision experimental platform was established for validation to ensure data reliability. The results showed that the droplet spreading process exhibited four dynamic stages of "impact, expansion, contraction, and stabilization". Increases in supply pressure, needle lift coefficient, and valve opening time all significantly enlarged the droplet spreading diameter, whereas an increase in the glycerol volume fraction reduces it. The relative error between experimental and simulation data ranges from 2.05% to 4.63%, validating the model's effectiveness. In conclusion, a finite element simulation model capable of accurately replicating the dynamic droplet spreading process of the needle dispensing valve is established and validated. Based on this model, the quantitative influence laws of key process parameters—supply pressure, needle lift coefficient, valve opening time, and glycerol volume fraction—on the final spreading diameter are revealed. This research provides an effective analysis tool for the droplet spreading mechanism in dispensing processes. The clarified parameter regulation principles offer theoretical basis and process guidance for enhancing the control precision of droplet spreading diameter.
  • Research on Structural Stiffness and Process Selection of Gravure Printing Doctor Blades Based on Finite Element Analysis
    WANG Lei, XUE Yuanqing, LI Xudong
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 159-166. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.019
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    Mixing doctor blades of different widths on standard blade holders often leads to variations in process stability in inline gravure printing. The work aims to investigate the influence of effective cantilever length on the structural stiffness and wear behavior of doctor blades, and provide guidance for blade selection and installation. Taking a standard blade holder commonly used in inline gravure presses as the research object, three-dimensional finite element models of 40 mm and 45 mm doctor blades were established. Static analyses were carried out under contact pressures ranging from 0.2 to 0.6 MPa, and the numerical results were further verified using wear data collected from actual production. The simulations showed that, under the installation constraints of a standard blade holder, the effective cantilever length of the 45 mm doctor blade increased by approximately 5 mm. At the ultimate pressure of 0.6 MPa, the maximum deformation of the 45 mm doctor blade reached about 1.6 times that of the 40 mm doctor blade. Under the same pressure conditions, the 40 mm doctor blade exhibited lower deformation sensitivity and more stable wear response. Field observations also revealed that the wear distribution of the 45 mm doctor blade was more dispersed and was more prone to wave-shaped abnormal wear. These results suggest that the effective cantilever length is a key factor affecting the process stability of doctor blades in standard blade holder systems. Within the operating conditions considered in this study, the shorter cantilever of the 40 mm doctor blade provides higher structural stiffness and more stable process performance. For medium-to-high load conditions, a shorter cantilever installation scheme is therefore recommended, or the effective cantilever length should be controlled through adjustment of the supporting structure.
  • An AHP-based Evaluation Method for the Autonomy and Controllability of Inkjet Printing Equipment
    LI Longyu, ZHU Qiang, LIU Haohong, WU Shuqin, WANG Yiming
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 167-177. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.020
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the limitations of traditional localization rate calculation methods in assessing the autonomy and controllability of inkjet printing equipment, the work aims to propose a more comprehensive and objective integrated evaluation method to accurately characterize the autonomy and controllability of the equipment. Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a hierarchical structure model comprising objective, criterion, and alternative layers was constructed. By incorporating multidimensional evaluation indicators such as functional importance, technical criticality, judgment matrices were developed through expert scoring to determine component weights, followed by consistency checks. Finally, the quantity-based and value-based localization rates using a weighted approach were integrated to form a comprehensive weighted localization rate indicator. In a case study of a specific inkjet printing equipment model, the traditional method yielded a quantity localization rate of 99.14% and a value localization rate of 86.58%, whereas the AHP-based comprehensive localization rate was 76.95%. The results demonstrated that the improved method more accurately reflected the significant impact of core components, such as printheads, on overall autonomy and controllability, effectively mitigating the overestimation caused by an inflated quantity indicator. The proposed AHP-based comprehensive weighted localization rate evaluation method provides a more objective measure of autonomy and controllability for inkjet printing equipment. The research findings help identify the importance of core components such as printheads in the overall autonomy and controllability of the equipment, provide a decision-making basis for subsequent technological breakthroughs and resource allocation, promote industrial security in the inkjet printing equipment manufacturing industry, and can also serve as one of the references for user selection.
  • Research and Application of Multi-modal Label Data Conversion Method
    MA Ning, LI Jianhua, LUO Yan, LI Zhimin, SUN Dongyan
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 178-185. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.021
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the limitations of rigid encoding, insufficient information capacity, and poor readability in current barcode-to-RFID data conversion methods, the work aims to develop a flexible conversion method tailored for packaging applications, to improve the data integrity of packaging identification, the friendliness of human-computer interaction, and the memory adaptation efficiency of tag chips. A multimodal label data conversion method was introduced, featuring a dual-encoding architecture (SGTIN+ and DSGTIN+) with an AIDC control bit for embedding GS1-compliant additional data while preserving the original GTIN format to enhance readability. Six differentiated encoding schemes were also designed to accommodate varied serial number data types. A B/S-based prototype system was implemented and evaluated with representative packaging data. Comparative encoding and decoding experiments against conventional SGTIN-96/198 methods demonstrated that the proposed method successfully encoded temporal information that could not be processed by conventional methods. The GTIN field in the encoded result remained human-readable directly, and the overall code length was significantly shorter than that of the SGTIN-198 scheme. The method effectively overcomes the scalability, adaptability, and readability constraints of traditional conversion techniques, offering a practical pathway toward digital advancement in packaging labeling.
  • Research on Plastic Packaging Foam Classification Based on a Differential Raman Spectroscopy-chemometrics Integrated Framework
    JIANG Hong, ZHANG Xiancheng
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 186-192. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.022
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to establish an efficient, non-destructive systematic classification method for plastic packaging foams. Spectral data from 63 plastic packaging foam samples were acquired by differential Raman spectroscopy. Feature dimension reduction and extraction were performed via principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. An ensemble classification model was constructed incorporating k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Lightweight Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM), and Extreme Random Forest (ERT). The classification potential of the data was evaluated based on the theoretical separability threshold. The model's generalization capability was independently validated using a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP). Results showed that the architecture classified samples into five major categories based on characteristic peaks. After PCA-LDA dimension reduction, the ensemble model achieved a classification accuracy of 93.33% on the test set. The MLP-validated training and test set accuracy rates were 95.45% and 89.47%, respectively. In conclusion, the constructed ensemble classification architecture integrates theoretical evaluation with multi-model ensemble strategies, achieving near-limit classification performance. This method provides a reliable and comprehensive solution for rapid identification of plastic packaging foams.
  • Design and Study of the Hypothermic Perfusion Transport System for Organs Based on Thermoelectric Cooling Compensation
    CAO Ziqian, DANG Hangyu, ZUO Jinglong, GUO Ning, HAN Hengxin, LIU Jiayi, XU Yi
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 193-202. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.023
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the limitations of existing organ transport devices, such as insufficient temperature control accuracy, non-uniform temperature distribution, and sensitivity to external disturbances, the work aims to develop a novel hypothermic perfusion transport system integrating phase-change cold storage with active thermoelectric cooling compensation, thereby improving temperature stability and reliability during organ transportation. A temperature control system composed of an EPP-VIP composite packaging structure, a phase-change thermal storage module, and a dual-TEC thermoelectric compensation unit was designed. A closed-loop control algorithm based on an STM32 microcontroller was implemented to achieve multi-level PWM regulation. The system performance was systematically evaluated through temperature control capability tests, thermal insulation experiments, and disturbance recovery tests. The system achieved rapid cooling and high-precision steady-state temperature control within the target perfusion range of 4-8 °C, maintaining a stable temperature of (6.0±0.3) °C. During continuous perfusion, the heart temperature was stably maintained within (6.0±1.0) °C for more than 66 h. Under disturbances such as lid opening and intermittent perfusion, temperature fluctuations remained below 2 ℃, and the steady-state temperature gradient inside the container was reduced by approximately 70% compared with that in static cold storage. The results demonstrate that the proposed system exhibits high temperature control accuracy, low energy consumption, fast dynamic response, and strong operational stability and the study provides a feasible technical reference for the development of next-generation high-performance organ perfusion transport systems.
    • Green Packaging and Circular Economy
  • Collaborative Optimization of Distribution Routes and Speeds for Fresh Food UAVs Under Dual Objectives of Freshness and Energy Consumption
    ZHAO Yiwei, HU Ting, ZUO Congjun
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 203-212. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.024
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to quantify the conflicting "freshness-energy consumption" relationship and establish a collaborative optimization method for distribution routes and flight speeds to enhance the comprehensive benefits and operational flexibility of the system, so as to address the trade-off between freshness preservation and energy conservation induced by flight speed in UAV fresh food distribution. With the dual objectives of minimizing freshness loss costs and drone energy consumption, the flight speed was taken as a continuous decision variable in a dual-objective optimization model. A two-stage solution approach was developed. In Phase I, the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ (NSGA-Ⅱ) was employed to optimize delivery route. In Phase Ⅱ, a distance-aware heuristic speed optimization algorithm was employed for each route. Simulations were conducted in MATLAB using small-scale (5 customers) and medium-scale (10 customers) cases. The Pareto frontier analysis revealed 40 and 73 non-dominated solutions in the 5- and 10-customer cases respectively, demonstrating a significant trade-off between freshness preservation and energy efficiency. Through Phase Ⅱ speed optimization, total costs were reduced by 19.1% and 9.6% compared with fixed-speed strategies, with optimized speeds exhibiting segmentally differentiated characteristics. This study validates the effectiveness of the proposed model in capturing the conflicting relationship. The two-stage optimization significantly lowers total cost, and the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm can generate well-distributed Pareto optimal solutions, providing diversified operational strategies for decision-makers.
  • Farmers' Disposal Behavior of Pesticide Packaging Wastes from the Perspective of Cognitive-Behavior Gap Based on Cluster Analysis and Logistic Regression
    LI Hailing, ZHENG Sirui, LUO Mingjun, GAO Yanfei
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 213-222. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.025
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to investigate the pervasive "cognitive-behavioral disconnect" among farmers regarding pesticide packaging wastes (PPW) disposal, identify the differentiated characteristics of their behaviors and key influencing factors and provide a basis for formulating targeted and precise recycling policies. Based on survey data from 505 farmers, the cluster analysis method was employed to categorize them into four distinct cognitive-behavioral groups. A multinomial logistic regression model was then applied to systematically quantify the influence of factors across four dimensions of internal motivation, external context, packaging complexity, and demographic characteristics on behavioral change across these groups. The "high cognition-low behavior (disconnected type)" group was the most prevalent (43.6%), identifying it as the primary target for intervention. Packaging complexity (OR=1.51) significantly inhibited behavioral change, whereas the frequency of sorting behavior strongly promoted proper disposal among both the "norm-following type" (OR=5.18) and the "passive-compliant type" (OR=2.95). The effects of policy promotion (OR=3.15), environmental awareness (OR=4.32), and village cadre/Party membership status (OR=2.86) varied across groups and exhibited regional heterogeneity. It is concluded that the core obstacle to effective PPW recycling is the cognitive-behavioral gap, with packaging complexity and insufficient sorting skills being critical bottlenecks. Therefore, targeted interventions encompassing packaging simplification, skill empowerment, system optimization, and regionally adapted strategies are essential to foster synergistic governance among "enterprises, government, village collectives and farmers", ultimately enhancing recycling efficiency.
  • An Integrated FAHP-FCE Approach for Comprehensive Evaluation of Transport Packaging of New Energy Vehicle Cover Components
    ZHANG Anhua, LIAO Ronghua, CHEN Dao, LIN Mao, LIU Shihao
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 223-232. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.026
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address the issues of damage and cost inefficiency caused by inadequate or excessive transport packaging of new energy vehicle (NEV) cover components during logistics, the work aims to develop a scientific and comprehensive evaluation model to support systematic optimization and selection of transport packaging solutions. The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation (FCE) methods were integrated to establish a multi-level indicator system encompassing four primary dimensions of protective performance, economic performance, operability, and environmental friendliness with 15 corresponding sub-indicators. Triangular fuzzy numbers were employed to capture the inherent uncertainty in expert judgments, enabling objective calculation of indicator weights, while a multi-level fuzzy synthesis based on membership matrices facilitated comprehensive quantitative assessment of the packaging solution. With a front bumper packaging solution (PE bubble wrap + EPE corner protectors + stretch film fixing + wooden outer frame) as a case study, the overall score was 85.10, falling into the "good" category. Protective performance (86.67) and operability (85.71) were satisfactory, whereas economic performance (83.81) and environmental friendliness (83.10) were relatively weaker. Notably, packaging reusability (79.75) and waste disposal cost (80.47) emerged as critical bottlenecks, precisely identifying key deficiencies in the sustainability dimension and fully demonstrating the diagnostic capability of the proposed model. The findings confirm that the FAHP-FCE method effectively addresses fuzziness and multi-attribute complexity in transport packaging evaluation, yielding objective and robust results with marked advantages in quantitative diagnosis and engineering applicability. Although the case solution is generally feasible, further optimization in sustainability and life-cycle cost management is warranted, with targeted improvements in material recyclability and cost structure recommended for future efforts.
  • Establishment of Cold Storage Container Insulation Formula and Error Analysis Based on Thermal Resistance Analysis
    WU Yuanquan, LI Shaoying
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 233-246. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.027
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to achieve accurate prediction of the thermal insulation time of cold storage containers and systematically analyze the sources of errors therein, so as to provide a scientific basis for the structural optimization of cold storage containers and the improvement of their efficient thermal insulation performance, thereby supporting the high-quality development of the cold chain logistics industry. Firstly, the heat transfer characteristics and thermal resistance of the container were analyzed and a prediction formula for thermal insulation time was established by integrating the heat capacity of the container. Then, the Fluent software was adopted for simulation. The results of simulation, the derived formula and the existing formulas under four scenarios were compared to explore the sources of errors. The results showed that the origin point in the small cold storage container was not the point that reached the thermal insulation limit the latest; insulation materials, cold storage agents and insulation temperature ranges all affected the errors. The error of the derived formula was negatively correlated with the internal volume of the container and positively correlated with the thickness of the insulation layer. When the volume was 0.216 m3, the errors were all less than 5%, and the formula had better error performance when the volume was large and the insulation layer was thin. The errors originated from the non-ideal flow of heat flux. This study clarifies the correlation between the error of the prediction formula and structural parameters, as well as the core causes of error occurrence. It provides a reference for the prediction of thermal insulation time and structural optimization of cold storage containers.
  • Cooling Discharging Performance of Integrated Cold Storage Box Based on Phase Change Technology
    TAN Huabin, FU Yunzhun
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 247-257. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.028
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The "last mile" of cold chain transportation is a critical link connecting the supply chain with end consumers; however, it still faces challenges such as temperature excursions. The work aims to design a phase change cold storage box combining Stirling refrigeration and phase change technology with an applicable temperature range of 2-8 ℃ to address this issue. The temperature field characteristics and cold storage performance of the box under the influence of ambient temperature were investigated via a combination of experiments and simulations. Additionally, the influence of the phase change material (PCM) layout on the performance was analyzed. Results showed that at ambient temperature of 22 ℃, the cold storage box completed the charging process in 7 h. At an ambient temperature of 35 ℃, the effective cold holding time reached 32.1 h. Analysis of the discharging process revealed severe heat leakage at the top lid due to sealing issues, causing the top-layer PCM to melt excessively fast. To extend the effective holding time, the PCM layout was optimized. Simulation results indicated that increasing the thickness of the top PCM to 40 mm extended the effective holding time to 40.19 h, with an increase of 54.89%. At this configuration, the uniformity coefficient and cooling energy consumption were 1.48 and 1 851.7 W, respectively. In conclusion, optimizing the PCM layout effectively mitigates the impact of poor sealing on the cold storage box, extending the effective cold holding time to 40.19 h.
    • Defense Equipment
  • Structural Design and Simulation Analysis of CFRP Storage and Transport Shelter for Aviation Ammunition Based on Agile Support
    SHI Weiwen, ZHANG Di, LU Hang, LI Tao
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 258-265. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.029
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to design a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) storage and transport shelter based on the agile support model and validate its structural strength and reliability, so as to address the issues of poor support timeliness, wasted transportation capacity, and low transfer efficiency inherent in the traditional "single box packaging + bulk transport" mode for aviation ammunition. A new storage and supply support mode of "naked ammunition containerization" was proposed. A lightweight design was achieved by adopting a hybrid architecture combining T700 CFRP and 30CrMnSiA high-strength steel. Based on the Classical Laminate Theory (CLT) and the Tsai-Wu failure criterion, a refined finite element model of the anisotropic materials was established utilizing the ANSYS Composite PrepPost (ACP) module. Various extreme load cases, including vertical, longitudinal, and lateral impacts as well as hoisting conditions, were set to conduct static and modal analyses of the structure using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The simulation results indicated that under the extreme condition of 4.5g vertical overload, the maximum equivalent stress of the main shelter structure was 971.16 MPa, occurring at the column joints; the safety factors for the composite panels and critical load-bearing components were all greater than 1.5. However, the maximum stress of the internal bracket reached 1 022 MPa under extreme conditions, exceeding the yield strength of the material, which suggested the necessity for structural optimization through local thickening. The proposed storage and transport shelter design realizes high-density storage and the rapid support function of "integrated transport and loading". Its structural stiffness and strength meet the requirements of the environment. This study validates the application potential of composite materials in heavy-duty packaging equipment and provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the agile support of aviation ammunition.
  • Seismic Protection Design and Analysis of Large Passive Emergency Reactor Core Cooling Spherical Vessel
    WANG Yuerong, MENG Xianggai, LIANG Wenyuan
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 266-273. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.030
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to carry out structural analysis of large passive emergency reactor core cooling spherical vessels for nuclear power plants, so as to ensure that they can maintain structural integrity under extreme conditions such as earthquakes in nuclear power plants. Based on the initial structure of the equipment, referring to traditional spherical vessels, combined with the waveform characteristics of the seismic response spectrum of the nuclear power plant, the ANSYS finite element software was used for modal analysis, and the natural frequency was adjusted through structural design to avoid the risk of resonance. The upper flexible and lower rigid composite support structure was adopted, which effectively balanced the bearing capacity and seismic energy absorption capacity. The spectral analysis method was used to analyze the seismic performance of the whole equipment, and the stress state of the equipment under various conditions was calculated and evaluated. The optimized structure of the spherical container was determined by modal analysis, and the natural frequency of the equipment was increased to 14.27 Hz. The maximum stress ratio of seismic calculation was 0.74 (abnormal condition), which had a certain safety margin and verified the effectiveness of seismic protection design. The structural analysis method of spherical vessels with nuclear-grade seismic requirements for nuclear power plants is completed. This method provides an important technical reference for seismic protection of large nuclear-grade equipment arranged on high floors of nuclear power plants.
  • Experimental Study on Forming and Performance of High-pressure Air-rib Emergency Surgical Tent Protective Structure
    JU Zhu, ZHANG Zimeng, LIU Feng, WANG Yining, QIN Jie
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 274-281. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.031
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to design and develop a connected high-pressure air-rib emergency surgical dome tent to improve its structural mechanical performance, erection efficiency, and equipment protection capability, and ensure the timely and smooth implementation of on-site emergency surgeries, so as to address the requirements for rapid deployment, high stability, and effective protection of emergency equipment at disaster sites. Two structural schemes for the main tent were proposed: a high-pressure frame air-rib structure and a high-pressure full air-rib structure. Their mechanical performance, erection efficiency, and wind-resistant protection capability were verified through forming tests and outdoor wind load tests. Meanwhile, a parallel inflation process was adopted for the full air-rib tent to verify its rapid deployment performance. The test results showed that the full air-rib tent was more suitable for the actual usage requirements of emergency surgery in terms of mechanical performance, molding efficiency, etc. With the parallel inflation process, a full-scale tent model with dimensions of 13.8 m×6 m×3.6 m could be fully erected within 15 min, retracted in less than 15 min, and achieved a fold-expansion ratio of 42∶1. The all air-rib tent combines excellent mechanical properties and rapid deployability, providing support for the engineering application and performance optimization of emergency tent equipment at disaster sites.
  • Flexural Behavior Test and Dimensionless Analysis of Double-layer Inflatable Beams
    ZHANG Hongfen, DENG Xuerong, LIU Feng, REN Xulang, QIN Jie
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 282-290. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.032
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to investigate the flexural behavior of double-layer inflatable beams under uniformly distributed loads and the enhancement law of internal pressure on stiffness, and to establish a cross-scale dimensionless analysis framework. A buoyancy-varied loading device was designed to conduct uniformly distributed load tests under multi-level internal pressures on umbrella fabric beams with a radius-to-thickness ratio of 368 and polyester fabric beams with a radius-to-thickness ratio of 61. Based on the fixed-end beam theory, the equivalent bending stiffness was back-calculated from the measured mid-span displacement-load data. Dimensionless stiffness and dimensionless internal pressure were introduced to eliminate the effect of dimensional and material differences. The equivalent bending stiffness of both types of inflatable beams increased linearly with internal pressure. The stiffness of umbrella fabric beams increased by 125.5% under internal pressures of 5-20 kPa, while that of polyester fabric beams increased by 104.4% under 35-100 kPa. The calculation error caused by geometric nonlinearity was less than 0.7%, which was negligible. Through dimensionless analysis, linear relationships between dimensionless stiffness and dimensionless internal pressure were obtained for both beam types. Based on stress stiffening theory, the internal pressure efficiency coefficients were derived as 0.026 for umbrella fabric beams and 0.566 for polyester fabric beams. Dimensionless analysis reveals that the radius-to-thickness ratio is a key parameter affecting internal pressure enhancement efficiency, that is the smaller the radius-to-thickness ratio, the higher the internal pressure efficiency. The established dimensionless analysis framework enables cross-scale performance prediction of inflatable beams and provides a theoretical basis for the engineering design of inflatable structures.
  • Optimization of High-velocity Impact Protection Structures for Ammunition Transport Containers Based on Packaging Dynamics
    CHEN Weiwei, WANG Yujing, GAO Zhengyuan, WEI Yudong, GUAN Bing
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 291-299. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.033
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    To address high-velocity impact accidents during ammunition transportation, the work aims to conduct optimization research on the protective structures of ammunition transport containers against high-velocity impact based on packaging dynamics theory, so as to enhance their survivability and safety. A coupled dynamics model of the ammunition-container system was established, and three types of composite structures such as metal-polyurea outer coating, lining and interlayer were designed. The container responses under impact velocities of 12.2 m/s and 38.1 m/s were simulated with the LS-DYNA explicit dynamics method. By taking metal thickness, polyurea thickness, and stiffener spacing as design variables, and peak acceleration of ammunition, container mass, and maximum deformation as optimization objectives, multi-objective optimization was carried out with the NSGA-Ⅱ algorithm. Configuration C exhibited the optimal protective effect, reducing the peak acceleration by 42% and deformation by 46% and the optimal polyurea thickness range was 4-5 mm. The optimized scheme (metal thickness 3.2 mm, polyurea thickness 4.5 mm, stiffener spacing 180 mm) reduced the peak acceleration by 46% and deformation by 46.6% compared to the bare container, with a mass increase of only 18.5%. Combining packaging dynamics theory with strain-rate sensitive materials can significantly improve the high-velocity impact resistance of ammunition transport containers, providing a theoretical basis for the lightweight and high-protection design of military hazardous material transport containers.
  • Design and Simulation Analysis of Vibration and Sound Radiation Characteristics of Irregular Grid Packaging Boards
    TAN Weichao, LIU Zigui, PAN Zhixuan, LAI Xinyu
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 300-306. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.034
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to investigate the differences in vibration and sound radiation performance among different types of irregular grid packaging boards, to pioneer new design pathways for material reduction and noise reduction technologies in packaging board structures. An aluminum alloy packaging board with circular holes was selected as the research object to establish a board structure model. The structural dynamic analysis was conducted based on diverse hole diameter arrangement schemes. The finite element method (FEM) was employed to analyze the dynamic characteristics and sound radiation performance of the irregular grid packaging boards, and the modal superposition method was used to compare vibration transmission results and sound radiation level outcomes. The natural frequency of the structure showed a decreasing trend with the increasing hole diameter. The large-hole grid packaging board exhibited excellent overall Equivalent Radiated Sound Pressure Level (ERPL). The sound radiation characteristics of the grid board with an outward-inward gradient hole diameter design were similar to the dynamic characteristics of the large-hole board. Among them, vibration transmission and sound radiation levels followed the same trend as the dynamic response within the structural resonance frequency band. This type of grid packaging board mainly exhibits vertical upward vibration modes under vertical base excitation, and also maintains good stability in vibration transmission under excitation in other directions. The finite element method reveals the evolution law of sound radiation distribution of such board structures, providing a reference for the design and optimization of vibration and noise reduction in similar board structures.
  • Experimental and Simulation-based Study on Penetration of Double-layer Q355 Steel Targets by Spherical Tungsten Fragments
    HU Yulin, ZHAI Hongbo, CHEN Xi
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 307-314. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.035
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to investigate the penetration behavior of spherical tungsten fragments against double-layer Q355 steel targets, analyze the effects of fragment diameter and incidence angle on penetration capability, and provide reference for the design of protective structures and the assessment of fragment power. A high-precision finite element model was developed using the Johnson-Cook constitutive model within LS-DYNA, integrating ballistic gun experiments and numerical simulations. The penetration processes of spherical tungsten fragments with varying diameters and incident angles were simulated to yield data on ballistic limit velocity, residual velocity, and target damage morphology. The validity of the model was confirmed through comparison with experimental data, with the maximum relative error in residual velocity under typical conditions being 8.9%. The results showed a significant negative correlation between fragment diameter and ballistic limit velocity; increasing the fragment diameter effectively reduced the influence of incident angle on penetration capability. Moreover, due to its staged energy dissipation mechanism, the double-layer target offered superior protective performance compared with the monolithic target of equivalent thickness. Based on the experimental and simulation data, a modified THOR residual velocity formula is derived for spherical tungsten fragments penetrating double-layer Q355 steel targets. The maximum absolute relative error between the formula-calculated values and the experimental/simulation data is 6.87%, providing an effective reference for protective structure design and research on tungsten fragment penetration.
  • Coupling Heat and Mass Transfer Performance between Hot Wind and Electrode Coatings
    CHANG Zhu, WANG Jiajun, MA Hongqiang
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 315-326. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.036
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to improve the coupling drying performance of wet coatings of electrodes. An analysis model of drying performance was established for wet coatings in convective drying process based on the dynamic mesh method and the coupling theory of temperature and humidity fields and the model was reliable with the maximum error less than 14.7% through comparison to experimental data of literature. Subsequently, the coupling drying performance was analyzed under different control conditions. Finally, the distributions of heat flux and mass transfer coefficient were further analyzed under different control conditions. The heat flux of wet coatings increased with the increase of velocity and temperature and the decrease of relative humidity. The net heat flux changed irregularly because its value was related to convective heat transfer and evaporation processes. Based on this model, the change of temperature had the greatest impact on the heat flux of wet coatings (it was equal to the effect on temperature of wet coatings), with this variation as 14.5%. The heat flux and mass transfer coefficient of wet coatings increased with the increase of velocity at the wind knives, and the coupling drying process was the most significant for local region directly below the wind knives. It is recommended to adjust the temperature and velocity to meet the drying requirements for the temperature of wet coatings. The above research can provide theoretical basis for improvement of coupling drying performance for wet coatings.
Total visitors:
Copyright © Packaging Engineering
Tel: 023-68792294　
E-mail: bzgc59@126.com
Powered by Beijing Magtech Co. Ltd.