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10 August 2026, Volume 47 Issue 15
    

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    Advanced Materials
  • Inhibition of Surface Cracks in White Paperboard during Creasing and Bending by Polyvinyl Alcohol/bio-based Polyurethane Composite Coatings
    FU Zhihui, WU Shengjun, XIONG Chenxi, YANG Dewei, SONG Jingwen, Dai Guoqing, XIAO Man, JIANG Fatang, YAN Li
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.001
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to reduce surface cracking of white paperboard during creasing and bending, as well as the subsequent fracture risk of laminated aluminum and ink layers, and construct flexible coatings based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and bio-based polyurethane (PU) on the coated side of paperboard. With white paperboard as the substrate, PVA and PVA/PU coatings with thicknesses of approximately 1, 5, and 10 μm were prepared. The effects of bending angle, cycle number, coating composition, and coating thickness on the crack behavior and surface strain distribution in the crease zone were investigated by combining creasing-bending tests, polarized optical microscopy, and digital image correlation (DIC). The results showed that initial cracks appeared in the uncoated samples immediately after creasing, and the crack length, width, and area fraction continuously increased with increasing bending angle and cycle number. Both PVA and PVA/PU coatings significantly inhibited crack opening and propagation, while the PVA/PU coating exhibited superior performance under cyclic bending conditions. DIC results indicated that the coatings had a limited effect on strain within the bending angle range of 30°-120°, whereas under high-angle bending of 120°-150°, the coatings effectively reduced the maximum strain and strain concentration. These results demonstrated that flexible polymer coatings suppressed damage evolution in the crease zone mainly by enhancing surface continuity, alleviating local strain concentration, and increasing resistance to crack propagation. Polyvinyl alcohol/bio-based polyurethane composite coatings can effectively inhibit the initiation and propagation of surface cracks in white paperboard during creasing and bending, thereby reducing the risk of damage in the creased region.
  • Fabrication and Properties of Lightweight and High-strength Particleboards Using In-situ Adhesive Foaming
    ZOU Caixin, LIANG Yongzhi, MENG Shurong, CHEN Tan, ZHAO Shuangliang, LIU Ming, WANG Chunpeng, XIAO Yan, CHENG Fangchao
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 14-24. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.002
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    The work aims to develop a montmorillonite/castor oil composite-modified polyurethane adhesive using montmorillonite and castor oil to modify isocyanate, and subsequently employ it to fabricate lightweight high-strength particleboard, so as to address the trade-off between environmental friendliness and mechanical performance in conventional adhesives. A series of montmorillonite/castor oil-based polyurethane adhesives were prepared by adjusting the mass ratio of montmorillonite to castor oil, with montmorillonite, castor oil, MDI and Tween 80 as raw materials. The as-prepared adhesive was mixed with wood particles, and a three-stage hot-pressing process was applied to produce lightweight high-strength particleboard under controlled hot-pressing parameters. When the mass ratio of montmorillonite to castor oil was 1:3, the resulting adhesive film exhibited the best foaming performance, characterized by uniform bubble distribution and a loose structure. At a hot-pressing temperature of 200 °C, pressure of 5.0 MPa, and time of 300 s, the particleboard prepared with this adhesive showed desirable comprehensive properties: modulus of rupture (MOR) of 12.1 MPa, modulus of elasticity (MOE) of 2 089 MPa, internal bonding strength of 0.51 MPa, surface bonding strength of 0.92 MPa, thickness swelling rate of 1.62%, and density of 0.57 g/cm3. The montmorillonite/castor oil composite-modified polyurethane adhesive is both environmentally friendly and cost-effective. It enhances the mechanical properties of the particleboard while reducing its density and production energy consumption. The obtained lightweight particleboard meets all mechanical property requirements of type P2 in the Chinese national standard "Particleboard" (GB/T 4897—2015), demonstrating excellent mechanical performance. This work provides a theoretical basis for the preparation of low-cost, high-performance lightweight particleboard.
  • Research Progress in Curcumin-based Active-intelligent Preservation Materials: Delivery Modification, Photodynamic Inactivation, and Freshness Monitoring
    TANG Min, SHEN Haijun, XIE Qiang, CAO Zhongwen, ZHANG Tanglei, CHEN Zhiyan, HE Xiaolong
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 25-37. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.003
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    The work aims to review research advances in curcumin (Cur)-based active-intelligent materials for food preservation and clarify how delivery strategies affect Cur stability and release, how Cur-mediated photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is regulated by illumination conditions and food matrices, and how color responses correlate with food spoilage indicators. The antibacterial, antioxidant, photosensitizing, and pH/volatile amine-responsive properties of Cur were reviewed. Delivery and modification strategies were classified into polysaccharide- and protein-based carriers, inclusion complexes and nanocarriers, and function-enhancing synergistic systems. Type I/Type II reactions and microbial damage mediated by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species were elucidated. The application characteristics of preservation films, coatings, hydrogels, aerogels, and absorbent pads were compared, and their preservation and monitoring performance in different foods was summarized. Delivery systems can enhance the antibacterial, antioxidant, PDI, and colorimetric response properties of Cur-based materials by regulating Cur dispersion, protection, release, and interfacial contact, thereby integrating active preservation with freshness monitoring. Current limitations include inconsistent PDI parameters, insufficient calibration of color-response thresholds against spoilage limits, and inadequate evidence regarding migration safety, cold-chain stability, and scalable production. Future research should establish relationships among material structure, Cur release, reactive oxygen species generation, quality changes, and color responses, while strengthening standardized evaluation and validation under actual storage and transportation conditions.
  • Research Progress of Polysaccharides Derived from Food Processing By-products in Packaging Materials
    FENG Mengzhen, WANG Manyu, ZHAO Chengyang, FENG Kangjia, HUANG Shuting
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 38-48. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.004
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    The work aims to systematically summarize recent progress in polysaccharides derived from food processing by-products for packaging materials, clarify their resource characteristics, extraction and structural regulation paths, as well as the formation features of packaging performance, to provide references for the development of green food packaging materials and the resource utilization of by-products. With focuses on cellulose, starch, pectin, chitin, and its deacetylated product chitosan from cereal, fruit and vegetable, oilseed, and animal-derived by-products, their source distribution, extraction methods, modification strategies, and applications in barrier protection, antibacterial and antioxidant packaging, adsorption and controlled-release packaging, and intelligent indicator packaging were reviewed. Polysaccharides from different by-products differed in composition structure, extraction pathways, and modification methods. Their packaging performance was mainly improved by regulating molecular structure, optimizing interfacial compatibility, and constructing film network structures. Although by-product-derived polysaccharides showed good potential in packaging materials, their practical application was still limited by several problems, including fluctuations in raw material composition, insufficient structural stability under high-humidity conditions, difficulty in controlling the release of active components, and limited stability and readability of intelligent indicator signals. Overall, polysaccharides derived from food processing by-products are important raw materials for green, active, and intelligent packaging materials. Future research should strengthen the standardized classification and utilization of raw materials, promote the coordinated design of extraction, separation, structural modification, and packaging performance requirements. Safety assessment, processing adaptability, and actual storage and transportation conditions should also be considered to support their transition from laboratory research to practical packaging applications.
  • Photonic Crystal Ink Patterning and Research Progress in Its Application in Food Packaging
    WANG Fan, LI Mei, ZHANG Zixuan, FAN Xiaoping
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 49-60. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.005
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    The work aims to explore the feasibility of using photonic crystal inks as a new functional printing material and to provide a theoretical basis for the development of a green and smart food packaging system. The components and performance characteristics of various photonic crystal inks, including inorganic colloidal, polymer colloidal, and liquid crystal-based inks, were systematically reviewed. The application characteristics of printing technologies such as screen printing, inkjet printing, and direct-write 3D printing were compared. The applications of photonic crystal inks and the mechanisms underlying their responses to environmental stimuli such as temperature, pH, and solvents were analyzed. Photonic crystal inks could generate high-brightness, fade-resistant structural colors based on periodic nanostructures, demonstrating excellent performance in color display, anti-counterfeiting labels, and smart responsive packaging. Different printing technologies had their own advantages in terms of resolution, uniformity, and structural stability; however, certain limitations remained regarding large-scale production and long-term stability. Photonic crystal inks offer significant advantages in achieving green, safe, and functional food packaging. They largely meet the research objectives of structural color display and multifunctional integration. Future improvements can be made in key areas such as enhancing structural stability, scaling up manufacturing, and conducting food safety assessments to promote their practical application and industrial development.
  • Antimicrobial Properties of Selenium Nanoparticles and Their Safe Application in Packaging
    CHEN Shaoyuan
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 61-73. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.006
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    The work aims to clarify the antimicrobial properties, application forms in food packaging, and safety performance of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), so as to provide a systematic theoretical basis for the design and safe application of SeNPs in active packaging. Relevant domestic and foreign literature on the antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of SeNPs in recent years were systematically reviewed. The antimicrobial spectrum, antimicrobial mechanisms (inducing reactive oxygen species, destroying cell membranes, inhibiting biofilms, etc.), and antioxidant properties of SeNPs were analyzed. The application progress of SeNPs in synthetic polymer composite films, biopolymer composite films, and edible coatings was summarized, and their safety and migration behavior were discussed. SeNPs exhibit broad-spectrum and high-efficiency inhibition against a variety of foodborne pathogens, and their antimicrobial activity is significantly affected by concentration, particle size, and surface modification. Composite films or coatings incorporated with SeNPs can effectively extend the shelf life of food, with outstanding synergistic effects of antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Under specific packaging systems (such as PET/LDPE composite films) and storage conditions, the migration level of SeNPs is below the detectable limit, indicating good potential for biological safety. Therefore, SeNPs demonstrate clear application potential in food packaging. However, further in-depth research is still needed in large-scale green preparation, precise functional regulation, and long-term safety evaluation.
  • Research Progress on Oil Absorbing Materials for Offshore Oil Spill Control
    LIU Mengmeng, XU Ruyi, SONG Dianfeng, ZHAO Enliang
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 74-80. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.007
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    With the rapid development of the global petroleum and shipping industries, marine oil spill accidents occur frequently, posing a severe threat to marine ecosystems and human health. The work aims to systematically review the research progress of oil-absorbing materials, so as to address this challenge and provide a reference for relevant research and applications. Firstly, the absorption mechanism of oil absorbing materials was elaborated, and the materials were classified according to their sources. Secondly, focusing on three core categories including biomass-based, synthetic polymer-based, and composite oil absorbing materials, their hydrophobic modification strategies and optimization pathways for oil absorption performance were systematically summarized. Finally, combined with current research hotspots and technical bottlenecks, the future development directions of oil-absorbing materials were prospected. It is found that biomass-based materials require hydrophobic modification to enhance selectivity, synthetic polymer materials can improve oil absorption capacity and reusability through structural design, and composite materials achieve synergistic performance optimization via multi-component compounding. However, despite the significant improvement in current oil absorption performance, they still face challenges such as high cost, difficulty in large-scale production, and the risk of secondary pollution. Therefore, future research should focus on the development of green modification technologies and biomimetic hierarchical porous structures, expand applications in extreme environments and emerging fields, and integrate intelligent monitoring technologies to promote the realization of efficient and precise pollution control.
    • Agro-products Preservationand Food Packaging
  • Construction and Recognition Method of PUF-based Paper Anti-counterfeiting Labels for Vegetable Packaging
    SHI Wenjing, ZHOU Chenggui, ZHENG Gao'an, MA Binglin, LIU Yibo, YANG Xiangzheng, LI Qilei, WU Di, CHEN Kunsong
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 81-88. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.008
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    The work aims to improve the unclonability of low-cost paper-based anti-counterfeiting labels and their recognition reliability under complex backgrounds, so as to address the problems that conventional anti-counterfeiting codes used in vegetable tray packaging are easily replicated and that identity recognition of paper-based functional labels is unstable under complex color-changing backgrounds. Based on the principle of random deposition of sprayed particle materials, a random sprinkling device was developed to generate random particle patterns on the surface of cellulose filter paper, thereby fabricating physical unclonable function (PUF)-based paper random anti-counterfeiting labels. A three-stage recognition algorithm combining "YOLO11n-based target detection, anti-counterfeiting region cropping, and MobileNetV3-Small-based classification recognition" was further developed to improve the adaptability of the model to background changes in functional color-changing paper-based labels. The results showed that the PUF paper-based anti-counterfeiting labels exhibited good randomness and clear particle structural features. The Precision, Recall, and mAP50 of the YOLO11n detection model reached 0.999, 1.000, and 0.995, respectively, indicating good recognizability of the random particle patterns. Furthermore, multi-material and multi-background data augmentation combined with model retraining improved the recognition adaptability of the system under different color backgrounds of functional color-changing paper-based labels. The random-particle PUF paper-based anti-counterfeiting label developed in this study not only features low cost and ease of fabrication, but also improves the anti-replication capability of vegetable tray packaging and the recognition stability under complex color-changing backgrounds. This work provides a reference for the development of integrated smart labels combining quality indication and identity anti-counterfeiting functions, and can help enhance the source credibility of agricultural products and the convenience of terminal recognition.
  • Effects of Different Material Fruit Bags on Pre-harvest Quality Formation of Red Globe Grapes
    GU Yifan, SHEN Di, CHEN Lan, PANG Lingling, XIA Yining, JIANG Yuqian, PAN Yanfang
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 89-98. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.009
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    The work aims to explore the effects of different bag materials on the basic quality, nutritional components and flavor characteristics of fruits, screen out the optimal material suitable for the production of red globe grapes, and address the quality deterioration of red globe grapes during postharvest storage and transportation caused by poor baseline quality. With non-bagging as the control, red globe grapes were treated with biodegradable bags, kraft paper bags, and non-woven fabric bags with different physical parameters. Key physiological and nutritional indicators such as fruit color difference, firmness, total soluble solids, and titratable acidity were measured and analyzed, combined with electronic nose analysis of volatile compounds. The results showed that all bagging treatments significantly increased the fruit brightness L* value. Among them, the biodegradable bag treatment resulted in the highest red-green degree a* value, a significant increase in the sugar-acid ratio by 26.67% compared with the control, a 5.35% increase in fruit firmness, a 81.14% increase in anthocyanin content, a 54.70% increase in flavonoid content, and a significantly higher oxidized glutathione content (17.08±0.08) μg/g than other treatments. The kraft paper bag treatment gave the highest proline content (172.15±1.10) μg/g, followed by the non-woven fabric bag. Principal component analysis of the electronic nose data indicated that the flavor characteristics of the biodegradable bag and non-woven fabric bag treatments were clearly separated from the control. In conclusion, the biodegradable bag, by regulating the microenvironment, shows optimal effects in improving fruit color, increasing the sugar-acid ratio, and promoting nutrient accumulation, thus providing a theoretical basis for high-quality production of red globe grapes.
  • Effects of Different Packaging Methods on Storage Quality Changes of Germ Rice
    TAO Hang, QIAO Yongjin, CHEN Bingjie, WANG Xiao, ZHANG Jinglin, LIU Hongru
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 99-108. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.010
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    The work aims to investigate the quality changes of germ rice under different packaging methods during storage, and identify the optimal packaging method and its effects on rice quality. Woven bags, PE vacuum packaging, and aluminum foil vacuum packaging were used as treatment groups. The samples were stored at 25 °C and 75% relative humidity for 120 days. Indicators including color, total starch content, amylose content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, pasting properties, taste value, and texture characteristics were measured regularly. During storage, the L* value of germ rice decreased continuously, while the a* and b* values gradually increased, indicating progressive darkening and yellowing of the appearance. Total starch content remained relatively stable, whereas amylose content increased significantly with prolonged storage. MDA content continued to rise, indicating aggravated lipid oxidation. Regarding pasting properties, peak viscosity, final viscosity, and pasting temperature increased overall, while breakdown value decreased, showing an obvious trend of starch retrogradation. Taste value continuously declined, accompanied by increased hardness and decreased viscosity of cooked rice, representing persistent deterioration of eating quality. Compared with woven bag packaging, PE vacuum packaging and aluminum foil vacuum packaging effectively blocked oxygen and moisture, significantly inhibited the accumulation of amylose, the production of MDA, and the process of starch retrogradation, and delayed color deterioration, taste value decline, and texture property degradation. Among the two vacuum packaging methods, PE vacuum packaging showed relatively better performance. In conclusion, this study clarifies that PE vacuum packaging has a stronger regulatory effect on the storage quality of germ rice at room temperature, providing a theoretical basis and data support for the selection of green preservation packaging and the optimization of circulation technology for germ rice.
  • PVA/Na-CMC/BW Composite Films Incorporated with Cinnamon Essential Oil and Tea Polyphenols for Cherry Tomato Preservation
    ZHONG Peishi, BAO Nanzhu, LI Jingyi, YUAN Teng
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 109-118. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.011
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    The work aims to prepare bio-based films containing (cinnamon essential oil) CEO and tea polyphenol (TP) with both antioxidant and antibacterial properties, with polyvinyl alcohol/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose/black goji berry anthocyanin as the film-forming substrate, and with prepared CEO and CEO-TP functional emulsion as the antibacterial and antioxidant active components so as to explore their preservative effect on cherry tomatoes. The CEO/CEO-TP emulsion was first prepared by the oil-in-water method, and then it was added to the film substrate to obtain antibacterial composite films. The mechanical, optical, barrier, thermal, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of the composite films were systematically characterized to elucidate the differential effects of the active emulsions. Furthermore, the preservation efficacy on cherry tomatoes was evaluated with weight loss, firmness, titratable acidity (TA), and total soluble solids (TSS) as quality indicators. Results demonstrated that increasing the loading levels of CEO and CEO-TP significantly enhanced the comprehensive performance of the films, with the CEO-TP synergistic system outperforming the standalone CEO formulation. Notably, at a 20% loading level, both composite films exhibited bacterial inhibition rates exceeding 90%, while their DPPH radical scavenging activities reached 78.6% and 81.3%, respectively, markedly higher than the control group. The PVA/Na-CMC/BW-CEO-TP film exhibits the optimal preservation efficacy, effectively retarding quality deterioration and extending the shelf life of cherry tomatoes, thereby demonstrating substantial potential for active food packaging applications.
  • Combined Effects of Modified Atmosphere Packaging Carton and Compound Antimicrobial Treatment on the Preservation of Fully Ripe Durian
    JIA Zongyou, CAO Jie, PAN Yu, KOU Jingbang, DONG Tungalag, WANG Youbin, LEI Chunyan, JIAO Yan, YUN Xueyan
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 119-132. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.012
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    To address the quality deterioration of imported fully ripe ‘Monthong’ durian (Durio zibethinus ‘Monthong’) during cold-chain storage and transportation, the work aims to develop a preservation system integrating a modified atmosphere packaging carton with compound antimicrobial treatment. Poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) was used as the matrix, and a series of films were prepared by blending PLLA with poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and incorporating zeolite. Based on gas and water vapor permeability, mechanical properties, surface wettability, and thermal properties, PLLA/60% PBAT/0.5% zeolite was selected as the optimal liner film. Furthermore, the paper disc diffusion method and the poisoned medium method were used to identify 100 mg/L slightly acidic hypochlorous water (SAHW) combined with prochloraz (Pro) as the optimal compound antimicrobial treatment. On this basis, four treatments were established: conventional carton + prochloraz (CK), conventional carton + 100 mg/L SAHW + prochloraz (CSP), modified-atmosphere packaging carton + prochloraz (MP), and modified atmosphere packaging carton + 100 mg/L SAHW + prochloraz (MSP). Fully ripe durians were stored at 6 °C for 35 d. The best overall preservation performance was observed in the MSP treatment. After 35 d of storage, the weight loss, firmness, shell-opening rate, and sensory score of the MSP group were 2.72%, 0.55 kgf/cm2, 40%, and 52.2, respectively, indicating better preservation performance than the other treatments. The combined application of the modified atmosphere packaging carton and compound antimicrobial treatment effectively delays quality deterioration and inhibits microbial proliferation in fully ripe durian during refrigerated storage, thereby providing a basis for extending the shelf life of imported fully ripe durian.
  • PVA/EVA Modified Atmosphere Packaging Combined with Ethylene Scavenging for Shelf Life Extension of Kyoho Grapes
    ZHANG Renyu, LI Ye, LI Dongli, GAO Li
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 133-139. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.013
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    The work aims to extend the shelf life of Kyoho grapes under room temperature (25 ℃). Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) bags were prepared usingPVA/EVA polymer composite films. Kyoho grapes wrapped with either ethylene-absorbing paper or blank paper were placed inside the bags, forming the PVA/EVA-E and PVA/EVA packaging groups, respectively. The storage quality of these two packaginggroups was compared with that of a naked control at 25 ℃. For the PVA/EVA-E and PVA/EVA packaginggroups, the PVA/EVA film combined with micro-perforations stabilized the in-bag O2 and CO2 concentrations at approximately 17% and 5%, respectively, with a relative humidity of about 95%; the daily mass loss rate was only approximately 0.5%, markedly lower than the 4% observed in the control. The effective shelf life of the PVA/EVAgroup reached 4 d, twice that of the control (2 d). With the addition of ethylene-absorbing paper, the PVA/EVA-E group maintained the browning index of ≤2 throughout the 8-day storage period, further extending the shelf life to 8 d. At the end of storage, the berry hardness of the PVA/EVA-E group was 38% higher than that of the control, and the total soluble solid (TSS) and vitamin C (VC) contents were superior to those of the other two groups; the PVA/EVA group exhibited intermediate values for all measured parameters. In conclusion, the PVA/EVA MAP, through its moderate moisture permeability and micro-perforation design, establishes a microenvironment that balances moisture retention and gas exchange, effectively reducing the moisture loss, preventing anaerobic respiration, and inhibiting fungal decay caused by Botrytis cinerea. The PVA/EVA MAP combined with ethylene removal technology further delayed rachis browning and quality deterioration.
  • Development of a Passive Modified Atmosphere Refrigerated Container and Its Effect on Preservation Quality of Pakchoi under Cold Storage
    YANG Yujie, SUN Xingguang, LI Siyao, YANG Xiaoqi, KAN Ankang
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 140-148. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.014
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    The work aims to design and develop a passive modified-atmosphere refrigerated container to evaluate its effect on maintaining the storage quality of pakchoi, so as to address the problems of water loss, wilting, yellowing, senescence, and nutritional quality deterioration of leafy vegetables during cold-chain transportation, and to provide a reference for the development and application of cold-chain preservation equipment for leafy vegetables. A prototype passive modified-atmosphere refrigerated container was constructed by integrating modified-atmosphere windows and selective gas-permeable membranes into the sidewalls of an integrated mobile cold storage unit. With pakchoi as the experimental material, a conventional refrigerated cabinet was used as the control group, and the passive modified-atmosphere refrigerated container was used as the treatment group. The samples were stored at 1 ℃ for 24 days. The corrected cumulative weight loss rate, chlorophyll content, vitamin C content, and sensory quality were measured periodically, and the thermal conductivity of the modified-atmosphere window was tested. With prolonged storage time, the corrected cumulative weight loss rate of pakchoi increased in both groups, whereas chlorophyll and vitamin C contents generally decreased. Compared with the conventional refrigerated cabinet, the passive modified-atmosphere refrigerated container slowed water loss and delayed the decrease in chlorophyll and vitamin C contents. After 24 days of storage, the corrected cumulative weight loss rate of the treatment group was 37.28%, lower than 46.95% of the control group. The chlorophyll content was 53.98 SPAD, approximately 68.4% higher than 32.06 SPAD in the control group. The vitamin C content was 33.70 mg/100 g, approximately 75.7% higher than 19.18 mg/100 g in the control group. Sensory evaluation showed that the treatment group still retained a certain degree of commercial acceptability after 24 days of storage, whereas the control group had largely lost marketability. The thermal conductivity of the modified-atmosphere window samples was below 0.11 W/(m·K), and the additional heat transfer accounted for approximately 4%-5% of the total heat load of the container. In conclusion, the passive modified-atmosphere refrigerated container helps reduce water loss, delay yellowing, and maintain the nutritional quality of pakchoi. It also showed good thermal insulation performance and had only a limited influence on the overall heat load, indicating potential application value in the cold-chain preservation of leafy vegetables. Since the dynamic changes in O2, CO2, and relative humidity inside the container are not continuously monitored in this study, the modified-atmosphere mechanism requires further verification.
  • Ethylene Removal Efficiency of Porous Composites and Their Application in Mango Preservation
    CHEN Shiting, ZHONG Yunyun, XIAO Naiyu, WANG Honglei, LUO Wenhan, ZHANG Xueqin, CHENG Zheng, ZHAI Wanjing
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 149-159. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.015
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    The work aims to address the limitations of existing ethylene removal materials in terms of adsorption capacity and oxidation efficiency by achieving performance breakthroughs through constructing an adsorption-oxidation synergistic system. Optimal porous materials were systematically screened to determine the most suitable carriers. Subsequently, they were impregnated with potassium permanganate to prepare composite removal materials. Ethylene removal efficacy and mango preservation effectiveness were evaluated through experimental tests. The 10 g calcium-based 5Å molecular sieve composite loaded with a 5 g saturated potassium permanganate (KmnO4) solution demonstrated superior performance. Under optimized conditions, it completely removed ethylene from an initial concentration of 130 ppm within 150 minutes. XRD and BET characterization confirmed that potassium permanganate was highly dispersed as sub-nanoscale clusters within the molecular sieve pores. After loading, the specific surface area decreased from 435.85 to 161.41 m2/g, and the pore volume reduced from 0.19 to 0.083 cm3/g, while the microporous framework remained intact. The mango preservation experiment showed that the composite effectively delayed fruit ripening, reduced spoilage rates, and maintained fruit hardness. The preservation efficacy significantly improved as the loading amount increased. At a dosage of 40 g per kg of mangoes, the spoilage rate dropped to 22.7% after 11 days of storage, and the hardness was maintained at 5.76 kg/cm2, which was significantly better than that of the control group. This study successfully developed a calcium-based 5Å molecular sieve-based "adsorption-oxidation" synergistic system. The material exhibits outstanding ethylene removal efficiency and potential for fruit/vegetable preservation, providing a novel strategy for developing high-performance ethylene removers.
  • Changes in Litchi Storage Quality Under Different Retail Packaging Methods
    ZHOU Hao, HU Junxing, WANG Lijun
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 160-169. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.016
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    The work aims to investigate the quality changes of "Guiwei" and "Nuomici" litchi under five different retail packaging methods during low-temperature storage, so as to provide a basis for the selection and design of retail packaging for litchi. Two litchi cultivars were packaged using PE/PA bag (control), PE/PA bag (vacuum), PP tray + PE film, micro-perforated OPP film, and PET blister box, and then stored at 4 °C and 90% relative humidity for 9 days. The changes in browning index, color, mass loss rate, firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, vitamin C content, and respiration rate were monitored. First, the quality deterioration of both cultivars was the most severe under the PE/PA bag (vacuum) treatment. Second, "Guiwei" showed the smallest quality changes under PP tray + PE film packaging, whereas "Nuomici" showed the smallest quality changes under PET blister box packaging, demonstrating better preservation. Finally, under the same conditions, the two cultivars differed markedly in quality changes; the browning index and mass loss rate of "Nuomici" were higher than those of "Guiwei", indicating its relatively poor postharvest storability. In conclusion, different retail packaging methods have significantly different effects on the litchi preservation. "Guiwei" is suitable for retail packaging and storage using PP tray + PE film, while "Nuomici" is suitable for PET blister box packaging.
  • Determination of Migration of Three Ester Monomers in Food Contact Materials and Articles by GC-MS
    HU Junpeng, HE Guoshan, XIAN Yanping, LIANG Ming, CHEN Rongqiao, HOU Xiangchang, DAI Hang, LIU Chenghao
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 170-177. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.017
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    The work aims to establish a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method for simultaneously determining the migration of three ester monomers, namely ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate (BDDMA) and dimethyl-2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (NDC) in food contact materials and articles, so as to provide technical support for effectively controlling the risks of relevant substances in plastic food contact materials and articles. After the migration test on food contact materials, the aqueous food simulant and olive oil simulant extracts were extracted with dichloromethane and acetonitrile, respectively, for subsequent analysis. The 95% ethanol food simulant was directly injected for quantification. Under optimized experimental conditions, the separation efficiency of the three ester monomers was excellent. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) for EGDMA and BDDMA in aqueous, 95% ethanol, and olive oil simulants were 0.005-0.007 mg/kg and 0.015-0.020 mg/kg, respectively, with a linear range of 0.01-0.50 mg/kg. For NDC, the LODs and LOQs in the aqueous, 95% ethanol, and olive oil simulants were 0.003-0.005 mg/kg and 0.010-0.015 mg/kg, respectively, with a linear range of 0.01-0.50 mg/kg. The average spiked recoveries at three concentration were in the range of 82.5%-110.7%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs)were 2.3%-7.8%. The method demonstrates good accuracy and precision, making it suitable for detecting the migration levels of three ester monomers in food contact materials and articles.
  • Content Analysis and Migration Risk Assessment of Phthalate Plasticizers in Novel Disposable Takeaway Tableware
    NIU Jizhe, WANG Bin, DONG Dandan, CAO Lifen, ZHANG Yu, MA Yuting, TAO Siyuan, TIAN Tian
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 178-187. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.018
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    The work aims to determine the content of phthalate plasticizers (PAEs) in different types of novel disposable takeaway tableware and evaluate the migration risks. Pretreatment conditions were optimized, and a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed for the quantification of 17 PAEs. Commercially available disposable takeaway tableware was randomly sampled and analyzed for PAEs content. Samples with relatively high PAEs levels were further selected to explore PAEs migration behaviors and health risks. The 17 PAEs exhibited good linearity (R2≥0.997) in the range of 0.02~1.0 mg/L, with limits of detection of 0.01~0.1 mg/kg and limits of quantification of 0.028~3.2 mg/kg. Satisfactory recoveries and precision were achieved for the proposed method. The overall detection rate of PAEs in 45 batches of tableware samples was 57.8%, and the four PAEs detected were DBP, DCHP, DEHP and DNP. The concentrations of PAEs in different types of tableware ranged from 2.19 to 80.46 mg/kg, and the detection rates of the four PAEs followed the order: starch composite > polylactic acid (PLA) > coated paper > pulp-molded tableware. Migration experiments and health risk assessment revealed that PAEs preferentially migrated into fatty food simulants, and the migration levels increased with rising temperature and prolonged time. Notably, DBP and DEHP were more prone to migration from PLA tableware compared with other tableware types. Under simulated storage conditions for takeaway foods, the non-carcinogenic risks of PAEs from representative samples were below the acceptable level. The established GC-MS method is applicable to the determination of phthalate plasticizers in disposable takeaway tableware. The findings can provide a reference for the production, use and supervision of such tableware.
    • Automatic and Intelligent Technology
  • Carton Detection in Warehousing Logistics Based on Improved YOLOv8n
    GAO Tong, SHEN Congcong, MING Yanjiao, JU Hongmei, WANG Meiling
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 188-197. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.019
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    The work aims to propose an improved YOLOv8n object detection method named YOLOv8n-CBF to address the challenges of complex background interference, object occlusion, and missed detection of small objects in stacked carton detection within modern logistics warehousing scenarios. First, a Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) was embedded before the SPPF module in the backbone network to suppress background noise. Second, a Bidirectional Feature Pyramid Network (BiFPN) was adopted to replace the PANet structure, achieving weighted bidirectional fusion of cross-scale features. Finally, a 160×160 high-resolution small-object detection layer (Four) was added, combined with Distribution Focal Loss and Complete-IoU Loss to improve localization accuracy. Ablation and comparative experiments were conducted on the publicly available LSCD and OSCD datasets. Ablation results demonstrated that the YOLOv8n-CBF algorithm achieved 84.6% mean average precision (mAP@0.5) on the LSCD dataset, representing an improvement of 3.3% over the YOLOv8n algorithm, and attained 96.8% mAP@0.5 on the OSCD dataset, surpassing YOLOv8n by 3.0%. Compared with mainstream YOLO series models, the proposed model achieves optimal detection accuracy with slightly increased computational complexity. The proposed strategies effectively enhance the model's feature extraction and multi-scale fusion capabilities, significantly improving detection accuracy and small-object perception in complex scenarios, thereby providing technical support for automated warehouse management.
  • Identifying Resonance Points of Roller System in Single-sided Machine of High-speed Corrugated Board Production Line
    XIE Fayi, JIANG Mian, XIE Weiwei, CHEN Shuyi
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 198-206. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.020
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    The work aims to study the resonance characteristics in response to the resonance phenomenon that may occur during the operation of the roll system of the single-sided machine and its adverse effects on the forming quality of corrugated board and the structural safety of the equipment, identify the key resonance speed points to provide a basis for the operation parameter optimization and equipment commissioning of the single-sided machine, and improve the equipment operation stability and product quality. A finite element models of the upper corrugating roller, the lower corrugating roller and the smooth roller were established, and the multi-speed transient dynamic simulation was carried out to obtain the vibration response time series. The dynamic behavior at different speeds was analyzed based on the response characteristics, and verified by combining Campbell diagram and harmonic response analysis. The research showed that the vibration of each roller was stable at most speeds, and the vibration near a specific speed showed irregular characteristics and the amplitude increased significantly. The upper corrugating roller was at 120 rad/s and 180 rad/s, the lower corrugating roller was at 180 rad/s and 330 rad/s, and the smooth roller was obviously abnormal near 60 rad/s, 90 rad/s and 105 rad/s. The above results were basically consistent with the critical speed predicted by the traditional method. Through the analysis of the vibration response of the roller system of the single-sided machine, the resonance speed range can be effectively identified, and the results are in good agreement with the traditional methods, which can provide reference for the optimization of equipment operation parameters and vibration control.
  • Defect Control on the Tear Tape Area of Cigarette Packet Cellophane: Multi-factor Analysis and Experimental Verification
    ZHANG Xing, CHENG Dan, WANG Jie, YAN Yaguang, ZHANG Yuhang, SUN Yu, YANG Bin, GAO Zonghua, YANG Qinwei, LI Xiaoqi
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 207-214. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.021
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    The work aims to analyze the main causes of quality defects of air bubbles and wrinkles commonly occurring at the tear tape area during cigarette pack wrapping and propose effective equipment optimization solutions to reduce defect rates and improve packaging quality. By installing pressure compensation devices and hot-air compensation devices on the rollers conveying the tear tape and cellophane, the adhesion tightness between the tear tape and cellophane was enhanced. Improvement trials were conducted using the packaging equipment for brand I cigarettes, which had the most severe defects, and the effects of different hot-air compensation temperatures on defect reduction were evaluated. After improvement, the average number of air bubbles per pack in brand I cigarettes decreases from 29 to 0.8, and the wrinkling defect rate drops from 15% to 0.7%. The optimal hot-air compensation temperature is determined to be 110 ℃. This technical solution significantly reduces air bubbles and wrinkling defects, features low modification cost, high replicability, and can be widely applied to various existing packaging machines for slim, medium, and thick cigarettes.
  • Color Difference Evaluation of Holographic Prints with Light Pillars
    LYU Jian, ZHOU Yuanyuan, WU Peng, LAN Ming, YANG Ying, SHANG Xiaoyu, HUANG Yu, HUANG Min
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 215-223. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.022
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    The work aims to determine the "perceivable" and "unacceptable" color difference thresholds for holographic prints with light pillars and establish their color quality evaluation methods. The Muton ValueJet 628MP inkjet printer was employed to produce 465 pairs of samples with average color difference (ΔE*ab) of 2.23, surrounding the nine CIE recommended color centers and using the holographic paper as the substrate. Seventeen observers with normal color vision were organized to carry out the color difference evaluation experiments. According to the CIELAB and CIEDE2000 formula, the "perceptible" color difference threshold of holographic prints with light pillars was determined to be 0.92 and 0.31, while the "unacceptable" color difference threshold was 3.10 and 2.16. When it comes to the evaluation of "unacceptable" color difference, the color difference thresholds can be used as the primary indicators, and then, for blue and purple samples, the "unacceptable" hue difference threshold can be set to improve the consistency between the calculated color difference and the visual color difference.
  • A Physics-aware and Cascaded Vision Framework for Sub-pixel Measurement of Packaging Codes
    YAN Yuxin, LIN Sen, HUANG Lei
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 224-231. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.023
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    The work aims to propose a high-precision sub-pixel measurement framework integrating physics-aware data generation with cascaded visual measurement to address sub-millimeter precision requirements for QR code die-cutting and printing errors in high-end packaging, and to mitigate the lack of model generalization caused by the scarcity of samples with highlight interference in industrial scenarios. A detection framework fusing physics-aware synthetic data with cascaded visual measurement was developed and a physics-aware sample synthetic mechenicam was designed based on the the Blinn-Phong illumination theory to simulate the highly reflective properties of complex packaging materials to enhance model feature extraction. Subsequently, a "coarse-to-fine" cascaded visual measurement model was deployed: with YOLO11-Seg used to extract target masks, followed by least-squares sub-pixel edge fitting and homography-guided perspective correction to eliminate discretization artifacts. Experiments demonstrated that the system achieved 98% bounding box accuracy, accurately localizing the target regions. The single-frame processing time was within 100 ms. In conclusion, by integrating semantic perception with geometric precision, the method restricts absolute measurement errors to 0.04 mm, operating well within the 0.8 mm tolerance requirement. It is applicable for quantifying micro-positioning deviations on complex optical surfaces, balancing robustness, interpretability, and on-site deployability.
  • Kinematics Modeling and Geometric Error Sensitivity Analysis of the 3-SPS+PS Parallel Mechanism for Packaging Pose Adjustment Operations
    SHEN Bo, GUO Wenxiao
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 232-239. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.024
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    To address precision pose-adjustment tasks in packaging automation, the work aims to propose a 3-SPS+PS parallel mechanism with three rotational and one translational (3R1T) degrees of freedom and conduct kinematic and error analyses. The screw theory combined with the modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion was adopted to verify the mechanism's mobility, while the closed-loop vector equations were used to establish the kinematic model and derive the forward and inverse position solutions. The first-order perturbation method was employed to construct the geometric error mapping model and reveal the effect law of geometric parameter errors on the end-effector pose. Numerical simulations were performed to verify the correctness of the theoretical models. This mechanism possessed 3R1T degrees of freedom, and its inverse solutions could be expressed analytically. The sensitivity of the platform's vertical positional accuracy to rod-length errors was 0.36 mm/mm. The effect coefficients for the vertical-direction position errors of the hinge points on the fixed platform and moving platform were -0.33 mm/mm and +0.33 mm/mm, respectively. The sensitivity of the pitch-oriented attitude error to the vertical error of hinge points on the fixed platform was 0.25°/mm. The kinematic model of the mechanism is valid. The error analysis results provide a theoretical basis for precision design and error compensation. The research indicates that this mechanism is suitable for high-precision pose-adjustment operations in packaging engineering.
    • Green Packaging and Circular Economy
  • Vehicle Routing Problem for Pharmaceutical Logistics Distribution Considering Order Splitting and Time Windows
    WANG Yong, WEI Yuanfan, JIN Yan, WEI Yuanhan
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 240-253. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.025
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    The work aims to propose a vehicle routing optimization strategy for pharmaceutical logistics distribution that takes into account order splitting and time window constraints, to deal with the high distribution costs and low customer service efficiency in pharmaceutical logistics distribution due to the order splitting demands and time window constraints. First, a bi-objective optimization model was constructed, which minimized the total logistics cost and the number of used vehicles, including vehicle distribution cost, vehicle maintenance cost, leasing cost, time window penalty cost, and order splitting cost. Second, an improved adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm integrating order splitting strategies was proposed to solve the model. Splitting-related disruption operators and splitting order priority repair operators were designed to enhance the optimization ability. The adaptive weight adjustment mechanism of the simulated annealing acceptance criterion was integrated to improve the global optimization ability of the algorithm. At the same time, a global vehicle sharing strategy was designed to achieve the shared scheduling of delivery vehicles. Then, through a comparative analysis with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II, the multi-objective genetic algorithm and the multi-objective ant colony algorithm, the effectiveness of the proposed model and algorithm was verified. Finally, based on the real-world data, the optimized schemes under different vehicle sharing modes and different order splitting modes were compared and analyzed, and the changes in related indicators such as the total logistics operating cost and the number of used vehicles were discussed. The optimized vehicle routing scheme reduced the number of used vehicles by 7 and saved 47.63% of the total logistics operating cost. The proposed model, algorithm and strategy can reasonably plan the delivery vehicle routes, reduce the total operating cost and vehicle usage, and provide method references and theoretical support for solving the vehicle routing problem of pharmaceutical logistics delivery considering order splitting and time windows.
  • Multi-objective Route Planning for Urban Last-mile Delivery Considering Packaging Damage Exposure
    CHANG Chunyuan, LI Liming
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 254-262. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.026
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    The work aims to investigate the optimization effect of incorporating packaging damage exposure into routing decision-making, to address the insufficient consideration of packaging safety in urban last-mile delivery routing. Within the framework of the vehicle routing problem with time windows (VRPTW), a three-objective optimization model was developed by integrating packaging fragility coefficient, vehicle load condition, and normalized cumulative transportation distance, with the objectives of minimizing delivery cost, delay penalty, and packaging damage exposure. The model was solved using the NSGA-II algorithm and evaluated on Solomon benchmark instances from four aspects: model comparison, customer-scale extension, algorithm comparison, and parameter sensitivity analysis. Compared with the model that did not consider the packaging damage exposure objective, the proposed model reduced packaging damage exposure by 6.42%-14.18% in representative 25-customer solutions. When the customer scale was extended to 50 and 100 customers, packaging damage exposure still showed a decreasing trend, with reductions of 6.34%-23.37%. In terms of cost and timeliness, delivery cost mainly decreased, while the main trade-off was increased delay. Algorithm comparison showed that NSGA-II could obtain competitive compromise solutions across all tested instances. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the proportion of high-fragility customers and the loading sensitivity parameter affected packaging damage exposure, whereas timeliness responses exhibited clear scenario differences. Explicitly incorporating packaging damage exposure into last-mile delivery routing optimization can effectively improve packaging safety performance in the tested instances and reveal the trade-off between packaging safety and delivery timeliness under varying delivery conditions, providing a methodological reference for packaging-logistics collaborative optimization in fragile goods distribution.
  • Key Risk Identification and Control in the Turnover Aviation Parts Supply Chain Based on SCOR-SNA
    HUA Shuxin, CUI Chongli, SONG Yilin
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 263-274. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.027
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    To address the high mobility, multi-stakeholder closed-loop turnover and complex risk transmission of turnover aviation parts supply chains, the work aims to identify and control key risks from the relational dimension. From a stakeholder perspective, the supply chain operations reference model (SCOR) was adopted to extract risk factors, and a social network analysis (SNA)-based assessment model was constructed to analyze risk correlations and interaction mechanisms. Key risk nodes and transmission paths were quantified by measuring and calculating relevant indicators to propose targeted control measures together with evaluation methods for implementation effects. 7 stakeholder types and 29 risk factors were identified and a 74-node closed-loop risk network was established, with a density of 0.189 6, an average path length of 2.170 and a reachability of 0.733, featuring high transmission efficiency and stable subgroups. In total, 22 key risk nodes were determined via multi-indicator analysis. A 56.6% reduction in network density after key risk control validated the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. Aiming at the pain points of risk transmission in the closed-loop supply chain of turnover aviation parts, this work verifies that the control of key risk nodes can effectively suppress the risk network transmission of the turnover aviation parts supply chain. It provides theoretical reference and methodological support for the systematic identification and control of risks in the turnover aviation parts supply chain.
  • Emergency Logistics Center Location for Sudden Natural Disasters under Highway Network Constraints
    HU Jiang, LI Xinzhe, WANG Jiayue, CHEN Yu, XIE Yuxin, GAO Ren
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 275-282. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.028
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    In response to the frequent occurrence of sudden natural disasters, the unreasonable layout of emergency logistics nodes, and the difficulty in balancing rescue efficiency and coverage fairness in China, the work aims to construct an emergency logistics center location selection model to enhance emergency rescue efficiency and material support capabilities, thus providing scientific support for the planning of the emergency logistics system. The two-stage research approach was adopted. In the first stage, an emergency logistics capability evaluation system was constructed, and the entropy weight TOPSIS method was used to objectively screen the candidate nodes of the emergency logistics center. In the second stage, with the goal of minimizing the weighted distance of demand, the constraints such as material demand and rescue time were considered comprehensively, and the "location - allocation" model was constructed. The genetic algorithm was used for efficient solution, and Henan Province was selected as a case for empirical analysis and verification. Through the combination of the two-stage method and the genetic algorithm model, the optimal location - allocation scheme for 6 emergency logistics centers was finally obtained. The scheme could achieve the goals of universal coverage, rapid response, and balanced resource allocation. The case analysis shows that the designed method and model can effectively solve the problem of emergency logistics center location selection, have scientificity and operability, break through the limitations of single region and single disaster type application, and have reference significance for similar location selection work in other provinces. It can provide theoretical basis and practical reference for the emergency management department.
  • Drop Simulation Analysis of Red Wine Bottle Packaging with Eco Honeycomb Paperboard
    LIU Jing
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 283-291. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.029
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( )   Knowledge map   Save
    The work aims to investigate the acceleration and stress characteristics of red wine bottles with and without eco honeycomb paperboard cushioning packaging under drop conditions, and analyze the influence of honeycomb paperboard thickness on cushioning performance. A finite element model of red wine bottles and honeycomb paperboard cushioning packaging was established through ANSYS/LS-DYNA. Drop simulations were carried out for unpackaged bottles and packaged ones under horizontal, vertical and inclined postures respectively to get the stress and acceleration results, and also drop simulations with different honeycomb paperboard thicknesses were also carried out. Drop analysis results showed that for unpackaged wine bottles, the maximum impact principal stress was 35.11 MPa which exceeded the strength of glass, and the acceleration was 1.97×105 g which exceeded the allowable fragility value of wine bottle and causes bottle damage. When wrapped with honeycomb paperboard packaging, the maximum principal stress of the bottle dropped to 0.12 MPa-2.48 MPa which was less than the strength of the wine glass, and the peak acceleration decreased to 4.93g - 46.59g which was less than the fragility with no damage occurred. With the decrease of honeycomb paperboard thickness, both the impact principal stress and acceleration increased. When height decreased to 11.6 mm, the impact principal stress was 31.8 MPa larger than the strength of glass and the acceleration increased to 14 800 g, which exceeded the fragility causing the bottle damage. Honeycomb paperboard cushioning packaging can effectively protect red wine bottles. Under the working condition in this study, 14.5 mm is the optimal honeycomb paper wall height, which meets the protection requirements while balancing material cost and cushioning efficiency.
    • Equipment Protection
  • Investigation on Deformation Characteristics of Aerial Gun Primer Cups under Dynamic Loading
    GUO Xiaobao, WEI Zhifang, ZHANG Kebin, ZHANG Shuxia, WEI Chenhui
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 292-300. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.030
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    The work aims to address the problem of plastic cumulative damage to the primer cup and the resulting puncture failure during aircraft gun firing, and investigate the elastic-plastic deformation characteristics of the primer cup under the coupled action of firing pin impact, firing pin spring force, and interior ballistic pressure. Based on interior ballistic theory, the chamber pressure-time curve was calculated using MATLAB. By integrating the motion of the firing pin striking the primer, a finite element model of the elastic-plastic deformation of the primer cup was established, with the pressure curve serving as the dynamic load boundary and the firing pin spring force as the initial condition. The model accuracy was verified through mesh independence analysis and experimental data. Subsequently, single-factor and orthogonal tests were designed to systematically analyze the effect of firing pin velocity, tip diameter, offset, and primer cup thickness on cup deformation. The maximum computational error of the finite element model was less than 8%. Under single-factor variable control, the indentation depth of the primer cup exhibited a nonlinear pattern of initially increasing, then decreasing, and finally tending to stabilize. Range analysis showed that the order of influence was: firing pin velocity>tip diameter>primer cup thickness> ffset. In conclusion, the impact kinetic energy of the firing pin is the dominant factor in plastic damage accumulation, and firing pin velocity should be taken as the primary design constraint. The tip diameter and cup thickness need to be properly matched, while the effect of offset is relatively limited. This study provides a theoretical basis and data support for primer structure optimization and the design improvement of key components.
  • Research Progress on Damage Effect of Fragments to Multi-layer Target Plates
    TIAN Qinwu, ZHAI Hongbo, XU Qipeng, HU Yulin, TANG Songlei
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 301-318. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.031
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    In view of the continuously improving damage efficiency of preformed fragment warheads and the shortcomings of traditional homogeneous metal armor, such as insufficient protective capability and difficulty in balancing lightweight design with anti-penetration performance, multi-layer composite targets have become the mainstream configuration for armor protection. The work aims to systematically review the regulating effects of fragment characteristic parameters and multi-layer target plate configurations on penetration damage behavior and summarize relevant research findings from both Chinese and international sources, so as to provide a theoretical reference for the analysis of fragment damage mechanisms, warhead optimization, and the development of novel multi-layer protective armor. By reviewing recent Chinese and international literature on fragment penetration into target plates, the effect mechanisms of three core fragment parameters (shape, material, and velocity) on the damage effects of multi-layer target plates were elucidated, and the regulating laws of multi-layer target plates on fragment penetration were revealed from three structural dimensions: interlayer spacing, layer sequence, and thickness distribution. The research progress of three types of novel multi-layer protective systems, including fiber metal laminates and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene structures, multifunctional sandwich structures with lattice cores, and functionally graded armor, was also summarized. The work clarifies the action laws of fragment parameters and target plate configurations on damage effects, and summarizes the technical advantages and existing application bottlenecks of the three types of novel multi-layer protective structures. It can provide a reference for the optimal design of fragment warheads and the development of novel multi-layer protective structures, thereby promoting innovative development in fragment damage and armor protection technologies.
  • Shielding Research on CNSC-24S Spent Fuel Transport Cask
    CHEN Zonghuan, ZHANG Ye, WU Peng, XIE Siyang, YAO Lin, WANG Bingheng
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 319-325. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.032
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    The work aims to study the shielding performance optimization of CNSC-24S spent fuel transport casks to overcome the insufficient loading capacity, decay heat limits of existing spent fuel transport casks and meet the transportation requirements for high-burnup, short-cooling-time spent fuel assemblies from domestic nuclear power plants. Based on GB 11806-2019 "Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material", the latest ICRP 116 flux-to-dose conversion coefficients were employed to establish Monte Carlo shielding analysis models for both 24-assembly and 20-assembly loading configurations. By comparing the differences between ICRP 74 and ICRP 116 flux-to-dose coefficients, and incorporating the arrangement of heat-conducting shields and compensatory shielding design at the upper basket, dose rate assessments were conducted for various external positions of the cask under normal transportation conditions. When calculated using ICRP 116 coefficients, the maximum surface dose rate of the cask decreased from 2.45 mSv/h to 1.67 mSv/h, and the dose rate at 2 m from the vehicle exterior decreased from 0.126 mSv/h to 0.087 5 mSv/h, meeting national standards. The 20-assembly loading scheme, combined with heat-conducting shields, enabled safe transportation of spent fuel assemblies with individual decay heat of 1.2 kW and cooling time of 7.4 years. The compensatory shielding at the trunnion area reduced the local dose rate from 2.12 mSv/h to 1.33 mSv/h, eliminating the risk of excessive radiation exposure for operators. Through optimization of flux-to-dose conversion coefficient selection, loading configurations, and local shielding structures, the CNSC-24S cask achieves safe transportation of spent fuel with a maximum capacity of 24 assemblies and total decay heat of 24 kW. All radiation indicators satisfy relevant requirements of GB 11806-2019, effectively enhancing the technical capability and market competitiveness of domestically produced spent fuel transport casks.
  • Analysis on Affecting Factors of Helium Mass Spectrometer Vacuum Leak Detection for Spent Fuel Transport Casks
    ZHANG Liansheng, WEI Zhiguo, HE Xingbo, HUANG Dong, LI Chuansheng
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 326-331. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.033
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    The sealing performance of spent fuel transport casks is directly related to the operation safety of nuclear facilities and environmental protection. Helium mass spectrometer leak detection is widely applied for container tightness inspection due to its high sensitivity. However, helium's strong diffusivity and gas permeation through sealing materials easily trigger helium interference and false leakage rate results. It is urgent to clarify the formation mechanism of helium interference and optimize the detection process to accurately measure the real leakage rate of sealing rings. With NAC-STC spent fuel transport cask as the research object, field comparative tests and theoretical calculations were performed. Leakage data under two pre-drainage processes (helium drainage and air drainage) were compared, and helium permeation behaviors of silicone rubber, fluororubber and sealing rings with various dimensions were tested. The interference mechanism was systematically analyzed from external ambient factors and internal sealing material properties. In confined and poorly ventilated workplaces, helium drainage caused residual helium contamination on site and led to excessively high measured leakage rates, and most test pieces failed to meet the leakage limit for high-burnup spent fuel casks. The helium permeation speed of silicone rubber was far higher than that of fluororubber: silicone rubber reached the specified leakage threshold in only 5 min versus roughly 40 min for fluororubber. Larger sealing ring diameter extended the time required for permeation to hit the standard leakage rate of 1.0×10-8 Pa·m3/s, which took approximately 13 min for a 4 mm-diameter ring and 83 min for a 10 mm-diameter ring. An optimized helium leak detection scheme for spent fuel transport casks is proposed in this work. The research results can provide engineering references for sealing detection of nuclear-grade spent fuel transport casks.
  • Protective Performance Characterization and Life Cycle Assessment of Bio-based Cushioning Packaging Materials Based on Functional Equivalence Principle
    LIU Huwei, ZHOU Li, YANG Jianglong, LIANG Kaibo
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 332-343. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.034
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    The work aims to establish an integrated evaluation framework combining protective performance testing and scenario-based life cycle assessment (LCA) for bio-based cushioning packaging materials as alternatives to expanded polystyrene (EPS) in e-commerce logistics. Pulp molding (PM), starch-based foam (SF), and bamboo fiber composite (BC) were benchmarked against EPS to test the protective performance, with the 95% upper confidence bound of Gm as the statistical pass criterion. A functional unit of "protecting one standard 3C product (1 kg, fragility Gf=60) through one 800 km e-commerce logistics event" was defined, and the performance correction factor αi was introduced to establish LCA And construct an AHP-weighted two-tier TOPSIS model. SF achieved the lowest carbon footprint (0.38 kg CO2-eq/event, 44% below EPS) and the best comprehensive environmental index (EII=0.13). Full-set TOPSIS ranked EPS first in precision instruments and cold chain scenarios. In TOPSIS alternative selection, SF was the optimal substitute in all three scenarios, followed by PM; BC ranked last. In conclusion, SF is the most beneficial EPS substitute. The driving force for replacement lies in policy constraints rather than performance inferiority.
  • Design and Validation of a Multifunctional Fixture for Testing Vibration Transmissibility of Cushioning Materials
    WEN Shibao, ZHOU Xiaomeng, SONG Fengjuan, YU Zhen, ZHANG Zhenxiu
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 344-352. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.035
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    The work aims to design and develop a multifunctional vibration transmissibility test fixture to address the limitations of existing test fixtures for vibration transmissibility characteristics of cushioning materials, specifically regarding functionality, operability, and preload control, so as to improve the dynamic evaluation system for cushioning materials and guide practical cushioning packaging design. Based on an analysis of existing device deficiencies, a multifunctional test apparatus comprising a table-style support, a dumbbell-style mass system, and a precision pressure-adjustable clamping device was designed. This device resolved the misalignment issues of samples and mass block during vibration, balanced the need for easy mass adjustment with a low center of gravity, and enabled quantitative and accurate control of compressive stress on the upper layer of double-layer cushions. Sine sweep vibration tests were conducted on expanded polyethylene (EPE) cushioning materials under varying densities and static loads using this device to obtain transmissibility-frequency curves, thereby verifying the device's reliability and application characteristics. The data obtained using this device were proved stable and reliable. The study validated the rule that resonant frequency decreased with increasing static load and increased with material density. It revealed that in double-layer cushion tests, both resonant frequency and maximum vibration transmissibility increased with higher top clamping force. Furthermore, it was clarified that under identical static loads, the resonant frequency and maximum vibration transmissibility of double-layer cushions were higher than those of single-layer cushions. In conclusion, the device exhibits good structural rigidity and stable, reliable operation, capable of simultaneously meeting the testing requirements for both single-layer and double-layer cushions. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of this device as a research platform for vibration transmissibility characteristics of cushioning materials, holding significant engineering practical value for guiding transport packaging structural design.
  • Optimization and Verification of PVC Artificial Leather Office Seat Transport Packaging Based on Heterogeneous Component Isolation
    LU Jin, GUO Qiong, ZHAO Huan, SONG Jie
    Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(15): 353-362. https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.15.036
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    The work aims to propose a packaging optimization scheme based on isolation and cushioning strengthening of heterogeneous components to solve the problem that the P004 PVC artificial leather office seat of H company is prone to indentation damage during logistics transportation. The combined cushioning structure composed of metal five-star foot independent constraint box and EPE was designed. The vibration test and drop test of four heights were carried out by setting six test groups (control group, constraint box, 2 EPE, 5 EPE, 2 EPE/constraint box, 5 EPE/constraint box), and the indentation area and depth of PVC artificial leather surface were quantitatively analyzed. At the drop height of 900 mm, the protective effect of 5 EPE/constraint box group was the best. The indentation area of PVC artificial leather surface was 238.61 mm2, and the depth was 1.32 mm, which was 81.1% and 87.5% lower than that of the original packaging, respectively. There was no indentation on the leather surface after 60 min random vibration test. The combined cushioning structure effectively reduces the dynamic impact between heterogeneous components, significantly improves the protection reliability of PVC artificial leather furniture in the logistics process, and provides a theoretical basis and engineering reference for the transport packaging design of special-shaped and multi-material PVC artificial leather furniture.
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