目的 综述不同高放废物地质处置概念下两类容器材料路线的研究进展,重点比较其功能定位、适用环境。方法 通过文献调研发现,处置容器是多重屏障系统中的关键工程屏障,其材料路线选择与处置概念密切相关。国际上主要形成了腐蚀裕量型和高耐蚀性两类容器材料路线。前者以碳钢、低合金钢等为代表,依赖厚壁设计、可预测腐蚀速率和壁厚损失裕度,具有制造成熟、成本较低和力学性能可靠等优势;后者以铜、铜涂层复合容器等为代表,强调材料本征耐蚀性或钝化膜稳定性,通常与承力结构形成复合容器体系,以降低长期腐蚀速率和失效风险。结论 容器材料路线不能脱离围岩类型、缓冲/回填材料、地下水化学、氧化还原演化和热-水-力-化学耦合过程而孤立选择。腐蚀裕量型路线更依赖腐蚀速率可预测性和局部腐蚀风险控制,高耐蚀性路线则更关注局部腐蚀、涂层缺陷、焊缝完整性和极端环境适应性。未来我国高放废物处置容器材料研究应从单一材料性能比较转向材料路线与处置概念适配性评价,建立材料-工程屏障-围岩协同设计与寿命预测框架。
Abstract
The work aims to review the research progress of these two material routes for different high-level radioactive wastes under different geological disposal concepts, with the focus on comparing their functional roles and applicable environments. Disposal canisters for high-level radioactive wastes are key engineered barriers in multi-barrier disposal systems, and their material route selection is closely linked to the disposal concept. Internationally, two main material routes have been developed: the corrosion-allowance route and the high corrosion-resistant route. The former, typically represented by carbon steel and low-alloy steel, relies on thick-wall design, predictable corrosion behavior, sufficient allowance for wall-thickness loss, and offers the advantages of mature manufacturing, relatively low cost and reliable mechanical properties. The latter, represented by copper and copper-coated composite canisters, emphasizes its intrinsic corrosion resistance and the surface passive-film stability, and usually it forms a composite canister system together with the load-bearing structures to reduce long-term corrosion and failure risks. The results indicate that container material selection should be considered together with host rock type, buffer/backfill materials, groundwater chemistry, redox evolution, and thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical coupling processes. The corrosion-allowance route depends mainly on predictable corrosion rates and controllable localized corrosion, whereas the high corrosion-resistant route requires careful evaluation of localized corrosion, coating defects, weld integrity, and adaptability to complex environments. Future research in China should shift from comparing individual material properties to evaluating the compatibility between material routes and disposal concepts, and should develop an integrated framework linking materials, engineered barriers, host rocks, and lifetime prediction.
关键词
高放废物 /
地质处置 /
处置容器 /
腐蚀裕量型材料 /
高耐蚀性材料
Key words
high-level radioactive waste /
geological disposal /
disposal container /
corrosion-allowance materials /
high corrosion-resistant materials
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基金
中核集团研发平台稳定支持科研项目（WDZC-2023-HDYY-102）
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