目的 研究面向狭小空间不同波阻抗介质组合的缓冲垫片在高冲击环境下的动态响应规律,为制备高性能缓冲结构提供理论依据。方法 建立了基于热塑性聚氨酯（Thermoplastic polyurethane,TPU）、金属橡胶、凯夫拉材料的多种波阻抗梯度缓冲结构。利用空气锤实验台,对同质量同结构带缓冲、无缓冲测试体开展冲击实验,采集加速度时域响应,分析过载峰值、脉宽、应力波传播及衰减特性。结果 缓冲结构的阻抗匹配影响缓冲结构的防护效果。在单一介质中,材料抗冲击性能与波阻抗负相关,金属橡胶缓冲性能最优、TPU次之。凯夫拉不宜单独作为缓冲层。在多层介质中,阻抗逆向梯度排布防护效果优于顺序排布。三层“凯夫拉-TPU-金属橡胶”组合因波阻抗逐级匹配、应力波反射加载少,缓冲防护效果最佳。结论 该研究结果表明,针对性设计不同介质分界面间的阻抗匹配可有效提升多层缓冲介质的防护性能,逆序梯度介质的缓冲结构效果最优,本研究为从机械滤波角度研究高冲击下缓冲垫片防护性能提供方法指导与数据支持。
Abstract
The work aims to investigate the dynamic response laws of buffer gaskets with different wave impedance medium combinations in confined spaces under high-impact environments and provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of high-performance buffer structures. Various wave impedance gradient buffer structures based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), metal rubber, and Kevlar fiber materials were constructed in this study. Impact experiments were carried out on test specimens with and without buffer structures of identical mass and configuration using an air hammer test rig. The time-domain acceleration responses were acquired, and the peak overload, pulse width, stress wave propagation, and attenuation characteristics were systematically analyzed. The results demonstrated that the impedance matching of the buffer structure directly determined its protection performance. In single-medium systems, the impact resistance of materials was negatively correlated with their wave impedance: metal rubber exhibited the optimal buffering performance, followed by TPU, while Kevlar was unsuitable for use as an independent buffer layer. In multi-medium systems, the reverse impedance gradient arrangement outperformed the sequential arrangement in terms of protection effect. The three-layer combination of "Kevlar-TPU-metal rubber" achieved the best buffering and protection performance due to the stepwise wave impedance matching and minimal stress wave reflection loading. This study indicates that targeted design of impedance matching at the interfaces between different media can effectively enhance the protection performance of multi-layer buffer systems, and buffer structures with reverse gradient media deliver the optimal effect. The findings provide methodological guidance and data support for investigating the protection performance of buffer gaskets under high impact from the perspective of stress wave reflection and attenuation.
关键词
梯度缓冲 /
高冲击过载 /
空气锤
Key words
gradient buffering /
high-impact overload /
air-hammer
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