目的 针对我国突发自然灾害频发、应急物流节点布局不合理、救援效率与覆盖公平性难以兼顾等问题,构建应急物流中心选址模型,以提升应急救援效率与物资保障能力,为应急物流体系规划提供科学支撑。方法 采用两阶段研究思路,第一阶段构建应急物流能力评价体系,运用熵权TOPSIS法完成应急物流中心候选节点客观筛选;第二阶段以需求加权距离最小化为目标,综合考虑物资需求、救援时间等约束条件,构建“选址—分配”模型,采用遗传算法进行高效求解并选取河南省作为案例,进行实证分析与验证。结果 通过两阶段方法结合遗传算法模型求解,最终得到6个应急物流中心的最优选址—分配方案。该方案可实现全域覆盖、快速响应与资源均衡配置的目标。结论 实例分析表明,所设计的方法和模型可有效解决应急物流中心选址问题,兼具科学性与可操作性,突破单一区域、单一灾害类型应用局限,对其他省份同类选址工作具有借鉴意义,可为应急管理部门提供理论依据与实践参考。
Abstract
In response to the frequent occurrence of sudden natural disasters, the unreasonable layout of emergency logistics nodes, and the difficulty in balancing rescue efficiency and coverage fairness in China, the work aims to construct an emergency logistics center location selection model to enhance emergency rescue efficiency and material support capabilities, thus providing scientific support for the planning of the emergency logistics system. The two-stage research approach was adopted. In the first stage, an emergency logistics capability evaluation system was constructed, and the entropy weight TOPSIS method was used to objectively screen the candidate nodes of the emergency logistics center. In the second stage, with the goal of minimizing the weighted distance of demand, the constraints such as material demand and rescue time were considered comprehensively, and the "location - allocation" model was constructed. The genetic algorithm was used for efficient solution, and Henan Province was selected as a case for empirical analysis and verification. Through the combination of the two-stage method and the genetic algorithm model, the optimal location - allocation scheme for 6 emergency logistics centers was finally obtained. The scheme could achieve the goals of universal coverage, rapid response, and balanced resource allocation. The case analysis shows that the designed method and model can effectively solve the problem of emergency logistics center location selection, have scientificity and operability, break through the limitations of single region and single disaster type application, and have reference significance for similar location selection work in other provinces. It can provide theoretical basis and practical reference for the emergency management department.
关键词
自然灾害 /
遗传算法 /
应急物流 /
设施选址
Key words
natural disasters /
genetic algorithm /
emergency logistics /
facility location selection
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基金
湖北省社科基金前期资助项目（23ZD148）; 现代物流与商务湖北省协同创新中心2024年开放基金（2024LB02）; 湖北省软科学项目（2025EDA033）; 湖北省教育厅科学研究计划重点项目（D20241805）; 湖北汽车工业学院博士科研启动基金（BK202010）
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