The work aims to evaluate the preservation methods for different types of aviation materials based on cost-effectiveness analysis. With respect to different types of aviation materials, the grey AHP was used to calculate the efficiency indexes of preservation methods. The preservation cost was decomposed and the curves of different types of costs by the data fitting method were obtained. By means of effectiveness-cost ratio, the best preservation methods for different types of aviation materials were determined. There was a strong correlation between effectiveness-cost ratio and volume of aviation materials. For the smaller metal aviation materials, the effectiveness-cost ratio of vapor phase preservation was the highest. Especially, when the value of the aviation materials was also small, the advantages of vapor phase preservation were obvious. When the volume of metal aviation materials was larger than 1500 cm3, the effectiveness-cost ratio of comprehensive preservation method was the highest. For the aviation materials of airborne equipment, the effectiveness-cost ratio of comprehensive preservation was always higher than dry air preservation. Metal aviation materials with small value and size should choose vapor phase preservation. Other metal aviation materials and all airborne equipment should choose comprehensive preservation.