To explore the change of human physiological parameters, fatigue level and loading attitude when traveling with different backpacks, and to further analyze whether the structure design of backpack met the physiological characteristics of human body and human ergonomics requirement. Four types of backpacks were studied and ten male hygienists from a department of armed police were selected as the subjects. The blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen consumption, body angle of inclination and bodily symptoms of subjects when traveling with a backpack were tested to get scientific data for analysis. Comprehensive analysis and comparison of the test indexes revealed: the structure design of backpack No. I did not consider the body size of adults in China, backpack No. 2 was more likely to concentrate the force on the lower back and impact on equilibrant, backpack No. 3 easily led to fatigue stress of human body, while the carrying structure design of backpack No. 4 relatively well met human physiological characteristics. In conclusion, the change of human physiological parameters, loading attitude and body angle of inclination when traveling with different backpacks is closely related with backpack portable structure, and ergonomics research can provide scientific basis and evaluation standard for optimization design of backpack portable structure.