Fruits and vegetables contain water and are easy to perish, which bring great difficulty for storage. The main factors influencing preservation of fruits and vegetables were analyzed, including temperature, humidity, gas composition, and microorganisms. The development and current status of controlled atmosphere storage in the world were summarized. The main existing technical problems of controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables were analyzed, and the countermeasures were put forward. It was concluded that controlled atmosphere storage of fruits and vegetables has wide development prospect.