Effects of Charge Defects on Slow Cook-off Characteristics of Underwater Weapon Warheads

DUAN Ji; DONG Xiao; ZHI Xiaokun; YANG Xiao; ZHOU Jie

doi:10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.11.034

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Packaging Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (11) : 330-339. DOI: 10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.11.034

Equipment Protection

Effects of Charge Defects on Slow Cook-off Characteristics of Underwater Weapon Warheads

DUAN Ji^1*, DONG Xiao², ZHI Xiaokun³, YANG Xiao¹, ZHOU Jie¹

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Abstract

The work aims to investigate the effects of charge defects on the thermal safety of underwater weapon warheads and reveal the intrinsic mechanism by which defects promote the thermal reaction of explosives. Slow cook-off experiments of PBX explosives with prefabricated defect were conducted. The temperature was first increased to 50 °C at a rate of 12 °C/h, and then the scaled warhead was heated to response at a rate of 3.3 °C/h, and temperature variations at critical locations within the charge were monitored. The violence of the explosive was assessed based on post-test observations (shell state and explosive reaction residue). Based on the experimental results, numerical simulations were performed to analyze the thermal reaction process of PBX explosives and study the effects of defects on ignition position, pressure increase, combustion characteristics and response intensity. The experimental results showed that ignition occurred when the outer wall temperature reached 188 ℃ for the prefabricated defect charge and 184.5 ℃ for the conventional charge. In both cases, ignition was located at the bottom of the charge, and the violence was characterized as combustion. Although the presence of prefabricated defects did not significantly alter the macroscopic thermal response of the charge, the simulation results revealed that defects accelerated the thermal reaction rate. During the stage from heat accumulation to hotspot ignition, the average pressure rise rate increased by 22.7% compared with the conventional charge. During the combustion phase, the defects increased the burning surface area, resulting in a 46.6% higher peak pressure at the measurement point than that of the conventional charge. The prefabricated defects promote thermal decomposition of the explosive, and the gaseous products accelerate pressure buildup, which in turn further enhances thermal decomposition. The defects also increase the burning surface area, significantly elevating the peak combustion pressure. Once the defect size or quantity reaches a certain threshold, it is highly likely to induce an escalation in reaction violence. This study provides a reference for the thermal safety assessment of underwater weapon warheads.

Key words

prefabricated defect / slow cook-off / combustion kinetics / thermal safety / simulation development

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DUAN Ji, DONG Xiao, ZHI Xiaokun, YANG Xiao, ZHOU Jie. Effects of Charge Defects on Slow Cook-off Characteristics of Underwater Weapon Warheads[J]. Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(11): 330-339 https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.11.034

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