The work aims to assess the food safety risk of 1,1-difluoroethane as a surface treatment agent for glass bottles. Glass bottle samples were prepared according to a representative industrial process. The migration levels of lead and cadmium were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry to verify compliance with the Chinese national standard GB 4806.5-2016. The migration levels of 1,1-difluoroethane and fluoride ions were determined by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ion chromatography, respectively. In adherence to a worst-case assessment principle, the migration levels of undetected substances were assigned the value of the method detection limit. Dietary exposure was estimated by combining the migration levels in food simulants with model dietary consumption data. For hazard characterization, the health-based guidance value (HBGV) for 1,1-difluoroethane was derived with the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC). For fluoride ions, the tolerable upper intake level (UL, 3.5 mg/d) established by the Chinese Nutrition Society was adopted as the HBGV value. Risk was considered acceptable if the estimated daily intake (EDI) was below 20% of the respective HBGV. The migration levels of lead and cadmium were both below the limit of quantification (0.03 mg/L). The migration levels of 1,1-difluoroethane and fluoride ions were below their respective method detection limits (0.01 mg/kg and 0.2 mg/kg, respectively). The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of 1,1-difluoroethane and fluoride ions were 0.000 167 mg/(kg∙BW) and 0.2 mg/d, accounting for 11.1% and 5.71% of their corresponding HBGVs (1,1-difluoroethane: 1.5 µg/(kg∙BW) and fluoride UL: 3.5 mg/d), respectively. Under conservative assessment conditions, glass bottles surface-treated with 1,1-difluoroethane comply with relevant national standards, and the dietary exposure risk posed by the migration of 1,1-difluoroethane and fluoride ions is at an acceptable level.
Key words
glass bottle /
1,1-difluoroethane /
fluoride ion /
migration /
dietary exposure /
risk assessment
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