Experimental and Simulation-based Study on Penetration of Double-layer Q355 Steel Targets by Spherical Tungsten Fragments

HU Yulin; ZHAI Hongbo; CHEN Xi

doi:10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.035

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Packaging Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (7) : 307-314. DOI: 10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.035

Experimental and Simulation-based Study on Penetration of Double-layer Q355 Steel Targets by Spherical Tungsten Fragments

HU Yulin, ZHAI Hongbo^*, CHEN Xi

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Abstract

The work aims to investigate the penetration behavior of spherical tungsten fragments against double-layer Q355 steel targets, analyze the effects of fragment diameter and incidence angle on penetration capability, and provide reference for the design of protective structures and the assessment of fragment power. A high-precision finite element model was developed using the Johnson-Cook constitutive model within LS-DYNA, integrating ballistic gun experiments and numerical simulations. The penetration processes of spherical tungsten fragments with varying diameters and incident angles were simulated to yield data on ballistic limit velocity, residual velocity, and target damage morphology. The validity of the model was confirmed through comparison with experimental data, with the maximum relative error in residual velocity under typical conditions being 8.9%. The results showed a significant negative correlation between fragment diameter and ballistic limit velocity; increasing the fragment diameter effectively reduced the influence of incident angle on penetration capability. Moreover, due to its staged energy dissipation mechanism, the double-layer target offered superior protective performance compared with the monolithic target of equivalent thickness. Based on the experimental and simulation data, a modified THOR residual velocity formula is derived for spherical tungsten fragments penetrating double-layer Q355 steel targets. The maximum absolute relative error between the formula-calculated values and the experimental/simulation data is 6.87%, providing an effective reference for protective structure design and research on tungsten fragment penetration.

Key words

spherical tungsten fragment / Q355 steel / double-layer target / numerical simulation

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HU Yulin, ZHAI Hongbo, CHEN Xi. Experimental and Simulation-based Study on Penetration of Double-layer Q355 Steel Targets by Spherical Tungsten Fragments[J]. Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(7): 307-314 https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.07.035

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