Johnson-Cook Constitutive Relationship of the 3D-printed TC4 Titanium Alloy and Fragment Impact Resistance of the Stiffened Plate

WANG Yuan; XU Mingyang; WANG Meng; SHI Jingwei

doi:10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.03.028

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Packaging Engineering ›› 2026, Vol. 47 ›› Issue (3) : 265-272. DOI: 10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.03.028

Johnson-Cook Constitutive Relationship of the 3D-printed TC4 Titanium Alloy and Fragment Impact Resistance of the Stiffened Plate

WANG Yuan, XU Mingyang^*, WANG Meng, SHI Jingwei

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Abstract

The work aims to clarify the effect of the SLM process on the mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy, establish a dynamic constitutive model suitable for this material, and evaluate the protective performance of its stiffened plate structure under fragment impact. Tensile and compression specimens of TC4 titanium alloy were additively manufactured via SLM. Quasi-static tensile tests and split Hopkinson pressure bar experiments were conducted to obtain static and dynamic mechanical property data, and the parameters of the Johnson-Cook constitutive model were fitted. The obtained constitutive model was then applied in finite element simulations to analyze the damage behavior of the stiffened plate structure under fragment impact. Experimental results showed that the tensile strength of TC4 titanium alloy prepared by SLM reached 1 040 MPa, surpassing that of traditional wrought/cast materials, and it exhibited a strain rate strengthening effect. Simulation results indicated that the damage to the stiffened plate under fragment impact was primarily concentrated at the junction between the stiffeners and the base plate, exhibiting obvious shear fracture. Simultaneously, tensile fracture caused by significant deformation of the target plate was also an important failure mode. The stiffeners effectively dissipated the kinetic energy of the fragment during impact. However, stress concentration at their junctions and potential printing defects made the structure prone to damage in these areas. SLM technology can enhance the mechanical properties of TC4 titanium alloy, and the fitted Johnson-Cook constitutive model can be effectively used for its dynamic impact simulation. The stiffened plate structure demonstrates significant protective performance under fragment impact, but the junction between the stiffeners and the base plate becomes weak points due to stress concentration and manufacturing defects. This study provides a theoretical basis and design reference for the application of 3D-printed titanium alloy stiffened plates in protective engineering.

Key words

selective laser melting (SLM) / TC4 titanium alloy / Johnson-Cook constitutive relationship / stiffened plates / impact resistance

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WANG Yuan, XU Mingyang, WANG Meng, SHI Jingwei. Johnson-Cook Constitutive Relationship of the 3D-printed TC4 Titanium Alloy and Fragment Impact Resistance of the Stiffened Plate[J]. Packaging Engineering. 2026, 47(3): 265-272 https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2026.03.028

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