Research Progress in Intelligent Indicating and Sensing Technologies for Food Freshness

WANG Yilin; LYU Yanna; DU Jian; WANG Haisong

doi:10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2025.23.004

PDF(4153 KB)

Packaging Engineering ›› 2025, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (23) : 32-43. DOI: 10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2025.23.004

Special Topic on Open Packaging Innovation Driving the Industrialization of Healthy and Nutritional Food

Research Progress in Intelligent Indicating and Sensing Technologies for Food Freshness

WANG Yilin, LYU Yanna, DU Jian^*, WANG Haisong^*

Author information +

History +

Abstract

The work aims to review the development of intelligent freshness indicating and sensing technologies in recent years, analyze the evolution from traditional colorimetric materials to modern intelligent sensing technologies, and provide insights into future directions to address current technical bottlenecks, thereby offering a theoretical reference for sustained innovation in this field. The principles, applications, and limitations of traditional intelligent freshness indicating technologies, represented by pH-responsive colorimetric materials, were summarized, with a focus on analyzing the breakthroughs and amalgamation pathways of emerging intelligent sensing technologies such as flexible electronics, nanomaterial-based sensing systems, and electronic noses. Although traditional colorimetric indicators offered advantages in cost-effectiveness and visual accessibility, they suffered from limitations in stability and interpretive subjectivity. The emerging intelligent sensing technologies, through multidisciplinary integration, enabled real-time monitoring of multiple parameters including pH and gas composition within food packaging, while significantly enhancing detection sensitivity and intelligent functionality. However, these advanced systems still faced challenges in materials engineering, cost optimization, and standardization. Intelligent food freshness monitoring technology is advancing toward deep integration of materials, devices, and information systems, with future development priorities focusing on environmentally adaptive smart materials, artificial intelligence-driven multi-source data fusion platforms, and optimized flexible manufacturing processes to promote standardization and practical implementation of intelligent freshness monitoring systems.

Key words

intelligent freshness indication / chromogenic reaction / intelligent sensing / pH-responsive material / intelligent monitoring system

Cite this article

EndNote

Ris (Procite)

Bibtex

Download Citations

WANG Yilin, LYU Yanna, DU Jian, WANG Haisong. Research Progress in Intelligent Indicating and Sensing Technologies for Food Freshness[J]. Packaging Engineering. 2025, 46(23): 32-43 https://doi.org/10.19554/j.cnki.1001-3563.2025.23.004

References

[1] 张蓓, 杨学儒. 农产品供应链核心企业质量安全管理的多维模式及实现路径[J]. 农业现代化研究, 2015, 36(1): 46-51.
ZHANG B, YANG X R.Study on Multidimensional Modes and Strategies of Quality Safety Management Led by Core Enterprises of Agricultural Supply Chain[J]. Research of Agricultural Modernization, 2015, 36(1): 46-51.
[2] SHAO P, LIU L M, YU J H, et al.An Overview of Intelligent Freshness Indicator Packaging for Food Quality and Safety Monitoring[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2021, 118: 285-296.
[3] KALPANA S, PRIYADARSHINI S R, MARIA LEENA M, et al.Intelligent Packaging: Trends and Applications in Food Systems[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2019, 93: 145-157.
[4] UMAPATHI R, GHOREISHIAN S M, SONWAL S, et al.Portable Electrochemical Sensing Methodologies for On-Site Detection of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables[J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2022, 453: 214305.
[5] 王海松, 赵亚丽, 杜健, 等. 生物质基可降解果蔬保鲜包装材料的制备及应用[J]. 包装学报, 2023, 15(1): 1-11.
WANG H S, ZHAO Y L, DU J, et al.Preparation and Application of Biomass-Based Biodegradable Fruit and Vegetable Preservation Packaging Materials[J]. Packaging Journal, 2023, 15(1): 1-11.
[6] 赵亚丽, 杜健, 王海松. 羧甲基纤维素基薄膜的制备及其在食品包装中的应用[J]. 包装学报, 2023, 15(1): 12-20.
ZHAO Y L, DU J, WANG H S.Preparation of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Film and Its Application in Food Packaging[J]. Packaging Journal, 2023, 15(1): 12-20.
[7] SHEN D B, ZHANG M, MUJUMDAR A S, et al.Consumer-Oriented Smart Dynamic Detection of Fresh Food Quality: Recent Advances and Future Prospects[J]. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 2024, 64(30): 11281-11301.
[8] YOUSEFI H, SU H M, IMANI S M, et al.Intelligent Food Packaging: A Review of Smart Sensing Technologies for Monitoring Food Quality[J]. ACS Sensors, 2019, 4(4): 808-821.
[9] 李乐苹, 杨慧杰, 李超, 等. 天然高分子基pH响应智能包装在食品领域应用研究进展[J]. 包装工程, 2024, 45(19): 179-189.
LI L P, YANG H J, LI C, et al.Research Progress of Natural Polymer Based pH-Responsive Intelligent Packaging Materials[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2024, 45(19): 179-189.
[10] REN Y, SUN X Y, LIU J.Advances in Liquid Metal-Enabled Flexible and Wearable Sensors[J]. Micromachines, 2020, 11(2): 200.
[11] YUAN H Y, LI N X, FAN W D, et al.Metal-Organic Framework Based Gas Sensors[J]. Advanced Science, 2022, 9(6): 2104374.
[12] GUO L L, WANG T, WU Z H, et al.Portable Food-Freshness Prediction Platform Based on Colorimetric Barcode Combinatorics and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks[J]. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(45): 2004805.
[13] ZHAO Y L, SUN T T, ZHANG H W, et al.AI-Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing Systems: A Paradigm Shift for Intelligent Food Safety Monitoring[J]. Biosensors, 2025, 15(9): 565.
[14] WU L L, PU H B, SUN D W.Novel Techniques for Evaluating Freshness Quality Attributes of Fish: A Review of Recent Developments[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2019, 83: 259-273.
[15] BIBI F, GUILLAUME C, GONTARD N, et al.A Review: RFID Technology Having Sensing Aptitudes for Food Industry and Their Contribution to Tracking and Monitoring of Food Products[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2017, 62: 91-103.
[16] WANG Y L, WU J M, LV D, et al.Robust Smartphone-Assisted Cellulosic Smart Label for Real-Time Monitoring Shrimp Freshness under Low Temperature and High Humidity Conditions[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 519: 165002.
[17] DEMESHKO A, CLIFFORD ASTBURY C, LEE K M, et al.The Role of Corruption in Global Food Systems: A Systematic Scoping Review[J]. Globalization and Health, 2024, 20(1): 48.
[18] TILAHUN S, LEE Y M, CHOI H R, et al.Modified Atmosphere Packaging Combined with CO₂ and 1-Methylcyclopropene Prolong the Storability and Maintain Antioxidant Properties of Cherry Tomato[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2021, 288: 110401.
[19] CHEN H Z, ZHANG M, BHANDARI B, et al.Development of a Novel Colorimetric Food Package Label for Monitoring Lean Pork Freshness[J]. LWT, 2019, 99: 43-49.
[20] CHEN Q S, HU W W, SU J, et al.Nondestructively Sensing of Total Viable Count (TVC) in Chicken Using an Artificial Olfaction System Based Colorimetric Sensor Array[J]. Journal of Food Engineering, 2016, 168: 259-266.
[21] SHI X D, WANG Z J, GUO J Z, et al.Precisive Designing and Drop-on-Demand Printing of Spoilage-Responsive Colorimetric Sensor Array for Intelligent Food Package[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 503: 157901.
[22] LUO X Y, LIM L T.Cinnamil- and Quinoxaline-Derivative Indicator Dyes for Detecting Volatile Amines in Fish Spoilage[J]. Molecules, 2019, 24(20): 3673.
[23] KIM D, LEE S, LEE K, et al.Development of a pH Indicator Composed of High Moisture-Absorbing Materials for Real-Time Monitoring of Chicken Breast Freshness[J]. Food Science and Biotechnology, 2017, 26(1): 37-42.
[24] CHEN H Z, ZHANG M, BHANDARI B, et al.Applicability of a Colorimetric Indicator Label for Monitoring Freshness of Fresh-Cut Green Bell Pepper[J]. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 2018, 140: 85-92.
[25] 韩晓雪, 司军, 武俊峰, 等. 食品智能包装新鲜度指示剂研究进展[J]. 食品安全质量检测学报, 2023, 14(7): 173-181.
HAN X X, SI J, WU J F, et al.Research Progress on Freshness Indicators for Food Intelligent Packaging[J]. Journal of Food Safety & Quality, 2023, 14(7): 173-181.
[26] 吴云翔, 易军. 肌红蛋白与H₂S反应的结构功能学研究[J]. 生物化学与生物物理进展, 2018, 45(8): 865-874.
WU Y X, YI J.Structure-Function Studies of the Interactions of H₂S with Myoglobin Mutants[J]. Progress in Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2018, 45(8): 865-874.
[27] NIPONSAK A, LAOHAKUNJIT N, KERDCHOECHUEN O, et al.Development of Smart Colourimetric Starch-Based Indicator for Liberated Volatiles during Durian Ripeness[J]. Food Research International, 2016, 89: 365-372.
[28] 张润, 杨曼, 王立贤, 等. 畜禽肉中代谢物质对肉品质的影响及相关基因研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2022, 53(8): 2444-2452.
ZHANG R, YANG M, WANG L X, et al.Research Progress of Effects of Metabolic Substances in Meat of Livestock and Poultry on Meat Quality and the Related Genes[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2022, 53(8): 2444-2452.
[29] LI C, YU Q, SI Y J, et al.Melatonin Suppresses Ethylene Biosynthesis by Inhibiting Transcription Factor MdREM10 during Apple Fruit Ripening[J]. Horticulture Research, 2025, 12(5): 1-20.
[30] HOON K, JAE Y, SE K, et al.Non-Destructive Monitoring of Apple Ripeness Using an Aldehyde Sensitive Colorimetric Sensor[J]. Food Chemistry, 2018, 267: 149-156.
[31] HU X G, LI X L, PARK S H, et al.Nondestructive Monitoring of Kiwi Ripening Process Using Colorimetric Ethylene Sensor[J]. Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society, 2016, 37(5): 759-762.
[32] FAR B F, JAHANBAKHSHI M, JAMEIE L, et al.Chitosan-Graft-Gelatin Hydrogel Containing Bromothymol Blue as a Food Spoilage Indicator for Intelligent Food Packaging[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 2025, 12(9): 2400799.
[33] PENG Q, BAO F, TANG M, et al.Advances in Dual-Functional Packaging: Visual Monitoring of Food Freshness Using Plant Essential Oils and pH-Sensitive Natural Pigments[J]. Food Control, 2024, 160: 110307.
[34] ABO DENA A S, KHALID S A, GHANEM A F, et al. User-Friendly Lab-on-Paper Optical Sensor for the Rapid Detection of Bacterial Spoilage in Packaged Meat Products[J]. RSC Advances, 2021, 11(56): 35165-35173.
[35] 王琳. 新型丝胶组织工程生物材料的创新研发及其在创伤修复中的应用[J]. 生命科学, 2020, 32(3): 281-287.
WANG L.Development and Application of Sericin Biomaterials for Wound Repair and Tissue Regeneration[J]. Chinese Bulletin of Life Sciences, 2020, 32(3): 281-287.
[36] ŚWIERCZYŃSKA M, KRÓL P, HERNÁNDEZ VÁZQUEZ C I, et al. Blood Coagulation Activities and Influence on DNA Condition of Alginate-Calcium Composites Prepared by Freeze-Drying Technique[J]. Marine Drugs, 2024, 22(9): 415.
[37] PIRAYESH H, PARK B D, KHANJANZADEH H, et al.Nanocellulose-Based Ammonia Sensitive Smart Colorimetric Hydrogels Integrated with Anthocyanins to Monitor Pork Freshness[J]. Food Control, 2023, 147: 109595.
[38] WANG W Q, LIU X W, GUO F, et al.Biodegradable Cellulose/Curcumin Films with Janus Structure for Food Packaging and Freshness Monitoring[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2024, 324: 121516.
[39] 李卓渊, 赵红梅, 马晓丽, 等. 基于壳聚糖/蓝莓花青素/二氧化钛肉制品新鲜度指示膜的制备及性能表征[J]. 包装工程, 2025, 46(5): 92-100.
LI Z Y, ZHAO H M, MA X L, et al.Preparation and Performance Characterization of Chitosan/Blueberry Anthocyanin/Titanium Dioxide Based Freshness Indicator Films for Meat Products[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2025, 46(5): 92-100.
[40] ZHANG X H, LU S S, CHEN X.A Visual pH Sensing Film Using Natural Dyes from Bauhinia Blakeana Dunn[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2014, 198: 268-273.
[41] MAFTOONAZAD N, RAMASWAMY H.Design and Testing of an Electrospun Nanofiber Mat as a pH Biosensor and Monitor the pH Associated Quality in Fresh Date Fruit (Rutab)[J]. Polymer Testing, 2019, 75: 76-84.
[42] MA Q Y, WANG L J.Preparation of a Visual pH-Sensing Film Based on Tara Gum Incorporating Cellulose and Extracts from Grape Skins[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2016, 235: 401-407.
[43] LIU H M, SHI C, SUN X, et al.Intelligent Colorimetric Indicator Film Based on Bacterial Cellulose and Pelargonidin Dye to Indicate the Freshness of Tilapia Fillets[J]. Food Packaging and Shelf Life, 2021, 29: 100712.
[44] LANG C, HÜBERT T. A Colour Ripeness Indicator for Apples[J]. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 2012, 5(8): 3244-3249.
[45] NGUYEN L H, OVEISSI F, CHANDRAWATI R, et al.Naked-Eye Detection of Ethylene Using Thiol-Functionalized Polydiacetylene-Based Flexible Sensors[J]. ACS Sensors, 2020, 5(7): 1921-1928.
[46] LU Y L, SHI Z H, LIU Q J.Smartphone-Based Biosensors for Portable Food Evaluation[J]. Current Opinion in Food Science, 2019, 28: 74-81.
[47] KUSWANDI B, MORADI M, EZATI P.Food Sensors: Off-Package and On-Package Approaches[J]. Packaging Technology and Science, 2022, 35(12): 847-862.
[48] ZHOU W, WU Z G, XIE F W, et al.3D Printed Nanocellulose-Based Label for Fruit Freshness Keeping and Visual Monitoring[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 273: 118545.
[49] PANOU A, KARABAGIAS I K.Biodegradable Packaging Materials for Foods Preservation: Sources, Advantages, Limitations, and Future Perspectives[J]. Coatings, 2023, 13(7): 1176.
[50] ZHAO W C, LIANG X Y, WANG X Q, et al.Chitosan Based Film Reinforced with EGCG Loaded Melanin-Like Nanocomposite (EGCG@MNPs) for Active Food Packaging[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2022, 290: 119471.
[51] ZHAN D Y, YU Q F, LI M, et al.Sustainable Biomacromolecules Revolutionizing Intelligent Food Packaging: State-of-the-Art Review[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2025, 319: 145381.
[52] ZHANG X B, GUO Y F, WANG X W, et al.Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Volatile and Biogenic Amines Sensors in Intelligent Monitoring of Food Freshness-Recent Advances, Challenges, and Future Prospects[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2025, 165: 105319.
[53] ZHAO J, YU Y, LU S H, et al.Convolutional Neural Networks in the Realm of Food Quality and Safety Evaluation: Current Achievements and Future Prospects[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2025, 163: 105162.
[54] 饶江, 何邦贵, 陈芳锐, 等. 柔性电子器件集成与其在包装上的应用[J]. 包装工程, 2021, 42(19): 232-242.
RAO J, HE B G, CHEN F R, et al.Integration of Flexible Electronic Device and Its Application in Packaging[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2021, 42(19): 232-242.
[55] AISYAH S, NAINGGOLAN F S, SIMANJUNTAK M, et al.Food Packaging Search Application from Text Image in Android with Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) Method[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019, 1230(1): 012078.
[56] 莫开宇, 丁静. 柔性电子器件在智能食品包装中的应用[J]. 食品与机械, 2024, 40(12): 197-203.
MO K Y, DING J.Application of Flexible Electronic Devices in Intelligent Food Packaging[J]. Food & Machinery, 2024, 40(12): 197-203.
[57] LI S Y, TANG W, CHEN S J, et al.Flexible Organic Polymer Gas Sensor and System Integration for Smart Packaging[J]. Advanced Sensor Research, 2023, 2(11): 2300030.
[58] 刘洋, 贾文珅, 马洁, 等. 电子鼻技术在肉与肉制品检测中的研究进展和应用展望[J]. 智慧农业(中英文), 2021(4): 29-41.
LIU Y, JIA W S, MA J, et al.Research Progress and Application Prospect of Electronic Nose Technology in the Detection of Meat and Meat Products[J]. Smart Agriculture, 2021(4): 29-41.
[59] ZHANG R Y, CHEN D L, XING C, et al.Optimal Gas Sensor Combination Selection Method for Low Cost Machine Olfaction Applicated in Food Discrimination[J]. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 2024, 365: 114936.
[60] MAHMUD J, SARMAST E, SHANKAR S, et al.Advantages of Nanotechnology Developments in Active Food Packaging[J]. Food Research International, 2022, 154: 111023.
[61] JOGAIAH S, MUJTABA A G, MUJTABA M, et al.Chitosan-Metal and Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Active and Intelligent Food Packaging; A Comprehensive Review of Emerging Trends and Associated Challenges[J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2025, 357: 123459.
[62] YUE C Z, WANG J Y, WANG Z Q, et al.Flexible Printed Electronics and Their Applications in Food Quality Monitoring and Intelligent Food Packaging: Recent Advances[J]. Food Control, 2023, 154: 109983.
[63] ANDRE R S, MERCANTE L A, FACURE M H M, et al. Recent Progress in Amine Gas Sensors for Food Quality Monitoring: Novel Architectures for Sensing Materials and Systems[J]. ACS Sensors, 2022, 7(8): 2104-2131.
[64] 付钰, 赵曦. 智能包装应用中的RFID多标签识别算法研究[J]. 包装工程, 2024, 45(17): 209-215.
FU Y, ZHAO X.RFID Multi-Tag Identification Algorithm in Intelligent Packaging Applications[J]. Packaging Engineering, 2024, 45(17): 209-215.
[65] MANTEGHI Y, ARKAT J, MAHMOODI A.The Competition between Conventional and Organic Food Production in the Presence of the Blockchain Technology[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2023, 136: 282-294.
[66] CHENG J, SHEN Y, GU Y L, et al.Metal-Polyphenol Multistage Competitive Coordination System for Colorimetric Monitoring Meat Freshness (Adv. Mater. 21/2025)[J]. Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(21): 2570148.
[67] HAN J Y, LI H Z, CHENG J G, et al.Advances in Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensor Arrays Based on Machine Learning Algorithms[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 2025, 13(9): 4285-4303.
[68] 郭志明, 张鹏敏, 李兆丰, 等. 食品智能仓储、包装技术与高端装备研究进展[J]. 中国食品学报, 2025, 25(1): 12-25.
GUO Z M, ZHANG P M, LI Z F, et al.Advance of Food Intelligent Storage and Packaging Technology and High-End Equipment[J]. Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology, 2025, 25(1): 12-25.
[69] ALI S, CHEN X J, AHMAD S, et al.Advancements and Challenges in Phytochemical-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles for Food Packaging: Recent Review (2021-2023)[J]. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2023, 141: 104197.
[70] EL-NOUR K M A, SALAM E T A, SOLIMAN H M, et al. Gold Nanoparticles as a Direct and Rapid Sensor for Sensitive Analytical Detection of Biogenic Amines[J]. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2017, 12(1): 231.
[71] ZHAI X D, ZOU X B, SHI J Y, et al.Amine-Responsive Bilayer Films with Improved Illumination Stability and Electrochemical Writing Property for Visual Monitoring of Meat Spoilage[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2020, 302: 127130.
[72] ZHANG Y Q, LUO Q, DING K, et al.A Smartphone-Integrated Colorimetric Sensor of Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen (TVB-N) Based on Au@MnO₂ Core-Shell Nanocomposites Incorporated into Hydrogel and Its Application in Fish Spoilage Monitoring[J]. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, 2021, 335: 129708.
[73] SUN W C, HUO Y P, FENG X Y, et al.Recent Advances in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Based Colorimetric Sensors for Visual Detection of Food Freshness[J]. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 2025, 535: 216638.
[74] KOH C S L, LEE H K, HAN X M, et al. Plasmonic Nose: Integrating the MOF-Enabled Molecular Preconcentration Effect with a Plasmonic Array for Recognition of Molecular-Level Volatile Organic Compounds[J]. Chemical Communications, 2018, 54(20): 2546-2549.
[75] WANG J, LI D Q, YE Y X, et al.A Fluorescent Metal-Organic Framework for Food Real-Time Visual Monitoring[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(15): 2008020.
[76] HOSSEINZADEH B, RODRIGUEZ-MENDEZ M L. Electrochemical Sensor for Food Monitoring Using Metal-Organic Framework Materials[J]. Chemosensors, 2023, 11(7): 357.
[77] BERNA A.Metal Oxide Sensors for Electronic Noses and Their Application to Food Analysis[J]. Sensors, 2010, 10(4): 3882-3910.
[78] ASSIS G C, SILVA I M A, DOS SANTOS T V, et al. Photocatalytic Properties of SnO₂/MoO₃ Mixed Oxides and Their Relation to the Electronic Properties and Surface Acidity[J]. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry, 2021, 407: 113035.
[79] SANAEIFAR A, BAKHSHIPOUR A, DE LA GUARDIA M. Prediction of Banana Quality Indices from Color Features Using Support Vector Regression[J]. Talanta, 2016, 148: 54-61.
[80] DYMERSKI T, GĘBICKI J, WARDENCKI W, et al. Application of an Electronic Nose Instrument to Fast Classification of Polish Honey Types[J]. Sensors, 2014, 14(6): 10709-10724.
[81] PACIONI G, CERRETANI L, PROCIDA G, et al.Composition of Commercial Truffle Flavored Oils with GC-MS Analysis and Discrimination with an Electronic Nose[J]. Food Chemistry, 2014, 146: 30-35.
[82] MAIMAITI A, ZHU K, YAN B.Dual-Mode Bionic Visual-Olfactory Co-Sensory for On-Site Biogenic Amines Recognition and Food Freshness Prediction[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 2025, 35(2): 2412817.
[83] DI ROSA A R, LEONE F, CHELI F, et al. Fusion of Electronic Nose, Electronic Tongue and Computer Vision for Animal Source Food Authentication and Quality Assessment-a Review[J]. Journal of Food Engineering, 2017, 210: 62-75.
[84] OLANIYI E O, KUCHA C.Advances in Precision Systems Based on Machine Vision for Meat Quality Detection[J]. Food Engineering Reviews, 2025, 17(4): 809-834.
[85] KHAN S, HOSSEINIDOUST Z, LI Y F, et al.Smart Food Packaging Commercialization[J]. Nature Reviews Bioengineering, 2024, 2(7): 535-537.