Aiming at the possible sliding and overturning behavior of a plastic packaging box with positioning structure during railway transportation, the work aims to evaluate the safety of the box. The finite element model of the instantaneous vibration and impact dynamics of ammunition packaging box with positioning structure when the train was running was established by LS-DYNA dynamics software. The shear strength and dynamic response of the positioning ball of the full packaging box with the positioning structure were analyzed under loads such as emergency braking, lateral shaking, passing through the track joints and trailer marshalling. At a normal speed of 70 km/h, the convex ball of the positioning structure still met the design strength requirements under conditions of 2g acceleration from longitudinal emergency braking, 1.5g acceleration from lateral shaking, 1g acceleration from vertical impact at track joints, and 3g acceleration from impact of marshalling trailers. The positioning structure scheme of the ammunition packing box can withstand the vibration and instantaneous impact, the positioning convex ball meets the strength requirements, and the positioning structure is safe and reliable.