The work aims to adopt a high-Q all-solid-state Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonator as the sensitive unit of the acoustic sensor to design an optical acoustic sensor with high sensitivity and electromagnetic interference resistance, and widely use it in non-destructive testing during the automated ceramic production process. The acoustic sensitive structure of the high-Q all-solid-state F-P resonator enables direct interaction between light and sound, achieving high sensitivity and high signal-to-noise ratio in acoustic signal detection. A phase modulation acoustic signal detection system was designed, and the influencing factors of the acoustic sensor's sensitivity were analyzed. The influence of the phase modulation method on the sensitivity of the fiber F-P cavity acoustic sensor was theoretically analyzed. A high-Q all-solid-state F-P cavity optical acoustic sensor was fabricated, and a phase modulation system was built to realize the detection of acoustic signals with high sensitivity. In conclusion, the Q value of the resonator and the locking position of the phase demodulation system can affect the sensitivity of the acoustic sensor. The development of phase modulation and demodulation systems, the performance analysis method of the fiber F-P cavity acoustic sensor, and the numerical analysis results of the fiber F-P cavity acoustic signal can provide useful guidance for non-destructive testing in the ceramic processing process.