The work aims toachieve the management of quality information throughout the entire process of cotton production by analyzing the current problems in the cotton processing industry, such as information chain breakage, difficulty in quality information traceability, and information isolation in various links. This article proposed a method for tracing quality information throughout the entire process of cotton production based on identification analysis. Firstly, the cotton production process was divided according to the production sequence, and the factors that posed risks to quality in each process were analyzed; Secondly, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process was used to calculate the weight values of each link and allocate the reliability of the cotton production workshop. Then, by analyzing the information of people, machines, materials, methods, environment, and measurement in each link, integrating identification analysis technology and extensible matter element theory, a comprehensive element information identification model based on matter element extension was explored to achieve efficient management of cotton production information; Based on information identification, a quality information traceability method combining directed acyclic graph (DAG) was proposed; A cotton production process quality information traceability system was established using IntelliJ IDEA programming software and MySQL database, achieving traceability of cotton production process quality information. In conclusion, by verifying the traceability of key quality information in machine picked cotton processing, the average query time of the system is measured to be 73.964 ms, which can meet the requirements of quality information traceability in cotton production. This study can provide certain reference and reference significance for the traceability of cotton quality information throughout the entire process.