The work aims to achieve broadband microwave absorption in quartz fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix composites at low thicknesses (2~4 mm), to extend the Effective Absorption Bandgap (EAB).Quartz fiber reinforced epoxy resin matrix functional layers and microwave absorbing composites were designed based on impedance matching and attenuation properties, and the electromagnetic resonance enhancement of the metasurface was used to further enhance EAB. The results showed that the F1 functional layer possessed good impedance matching and high-frequency resonance characteristics, and the F2 functional layer possessed strong loss and low-frequency resonance characteristics. With F1 and F2 as the impedance matching layer and lossy layer respectively, the designed microwave absorbing composite with the thickness of 2.04 mm had a R of no more than –10 dB at 8.80~16.95 GHz and an EAB of 8.15 GHz, and the microwave absorbing composites with thicknesses of 3.06 mm and 4.08 mm also exhibited favorable broadband absorbing properties; The introduction of the metasurface enhanced the electromagnetic resonance loss of the microwave absorbing composites, thus expanding the EAB of composites. The measured EAB for the composite with a thickness of 3.06 mm was expanded from 5.69 GHz to 10.34 GHz. The variation trend of measured R was consistent with the designed result, and the mechanical strength retention of the composite after loading metasurface was higher than 96%. The above results indicate that the microwave absorption mechanism of conventional materials combined with the impedance matching improvement and resonance enhancement mechanism of the metasurface can further enhance microwave absorption of composites, which provides some reference for the design of subsequent composites for highly efficient microwave absorption.