Polyurea elastomer, as a multifunctional polymer material, is often used as a building coating material to enhance the mechanical properties of structures due to its excellent physical and chemical properties. Therefore, the work aims to analyze the dynamic properties of glass coated with transparent polyurea. Dynamic impact tests were conducted on specimens with different polyurea coating thicknesses by a split Hopkinson pressure bar, and data were recorded by a data acquisition system and a high-speed camera, thus studying the dynamic mechanical properties and failure patterns of transparent polyurea-coated glass under impact loads. At strain rates of 120, 220, and 400 s–1, the dynamic compressive strength of the polyurea-glass composites decreased by 15.8%, 16.8%, and 14.5% compared to that of uncoated glass, respectively. The failure time was extended by 240% compared to that of the uncoated glass, and this extended failure time was directly proportional to the thickness of the polyurea coating. The energy dissipation coefficient of the polyurea-glass composites was also higher than that of the uncoated glass at different strain rates, and there was a positive correlation between the thickness of the polyurea coating and the energy dissipation coefficient. The polyurea can slow down the crack propagation speed of glass under impact loads, and extend the failure time of the glass. Due to its high energy absorption and ductility, it exhibits better dissipation capacity than ordinary glass under high-speed impacts.