The work aims to review the research progress of heteroatom-doped graphene and prospect its future research directions, so as to provide reference for the preparation and application of heteroatom-doped graphene. Preparation methods and potential application areas of heteroatom-doped graphene were summarized and analyzed. The effects of various heteroatom dopings on the electronic properties of graphene were compared, highlighting the uniqueness and effectiveness of different element dopings. It was found that doping graphene with heteroatoms not only enhanced its electrical conductivity and mechanical strength but also increased its stability and efficiency in specific applications. Heteroatom-doped graphene is expected to achieve significant breakthroughs in fields such as energy storage, biomedicine, environmental protection, sensors, and printing and packaging, due to its diverse types and broad development prospects.