During the transportation of goods, the conveyor belt may break after a long time, and the belt breakage protection device cannot provide protection in a timely manner. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the belt breakage protection device. Functional model analysis and causal chain analysis in the TRIZ theory was used to analyze the entire system, and tools such as 76 standard solutions, invention principles, and separation principles were used to solve the problem. The solution to the problem through the TRIZ theory resulted in a new structural scheme for the conveyor belt breakage protection device. The scheme could effectively shorten the time required for breakage protection, improve the accuracy of breakage protection, and protect the safety of life and property. In conclusion, by applying TRIZ theory to innovate the design of conveyor belt breakage protection device, the new conveyor belt breakage protection device has achieved the requirements of fast response, precise braking, and simple structure.