The work aims to study the dissociation characteristics and energy dissipation mechanism of fraxinus mandshurica specimens under high strain rate compression loading with the fraxinus mandshurica as the research object. The effect of strain rate and loading direction on the morphological and dynamic characteristics of the loaded fraxinus mandshurica was analyzed by compression loading experiments, and the energy dissipation mechanism of its compression dissociation was analyzed by the basic principles of elastic-plasticity. After dissociation, the radial loaded specimens were mainly in the shape of matchstick, the tangential loaded specimens were mainly in the shape of chips, and the axial loaded specimens were mainly in the shape of irregular blocks. The dissociation degree of the specimens increased with the increase of strain rate. When the strain rate was in the range of 400 s–1 to 1 000 s–1, stress-strain curve of fraxinus mandshurica specimens consisted of two parts:the elastic stage and the weakly linear strengthening stage after yielding. The yield strength of fraxinus mandshurica specimens increased with the increase of strain rate. When the strain rate increased from 400 s–1 to 1 000 s–1, the yield strength of specimens subject to radial, tangential and axial loading increased by 0.45 times, 1.34 times and 0.71 times, respectively. When wood raw materials dissociated along the radial and tangential directions, they mainly depended on the compression deformation of wood cells to dissipate energy, and when dissociating along the axial direction, they mainly depended on the bending of the longitudinal structure of wood cells to dissipate energy. The tangential-loading specimens are the most easy to dissociate and the axial-loading specimens are the most hard to dissociate. Fraxinus mandshurica is a material sensitive to strain rate. When wood raw materials dissociate along the radial and tangential directions, they mainly depend on the compression deformation to dissipate energy, and when dissociating along the axial direction, they mainly depend on the bending deformation to dissipate energy. The amount of energy that wood raw material dissociation can dissipate is mainly affected by the loading direction, structural size of wood cells, and mechanical properties.