The work aims to prepare a zeolite-cementing-reinforced composite packaging board through hot-press molding with employed biomass waste materials (straw powder, waste wood shavings) as the matrix, incinerated sewage sludge ash after pretreatment as fillers to enhance the potential applications of solid waste resource utilization. The elemental composition, crystal structure, and microscopic morphology of the fillers before and after pretreatment were systematically characterized. The influence of pretreated fillers on the performance trends and reinforcement mechanisms of the resulting composite packaging board was investigated. The composite board, prepared with a 22.5% mass fraction of pretreated fillers, exhibited a notable bending strength of 27.73 MPa and a compressive strength of 44.38 MPa. It significantly outperformed the untreated control group in terms of mechanical properties, thermal insulation performance, and water absorption thickness expansion rate. Moreover, it complied with the requirements of relevant national standards such as GB/T 7284-2016 "Frame Wooden Boxes" and GB/T 23898-2009 "Artificial Boards for Wooden Pallets". The enhanced performance of the composite board primarily resulted from alterations in filler composition and structure induced by the pretreatment process. The generation of the analcime phase notably improved the adsorption and dispersibility of the fillers on both themselves and the matrix. The zeolite-cementing-reinforced packaging board, crafted with pretreated fillers, exhibits exceptional performance, presenting extensive application prospects in wooden packaging and construction. This study not only provides a high-value solution for the recycling of bulk solid waste, but also contributes novel insights into alleviating the current shortage of forest resources.