The work aims to simulate the drop of a throwable mobile robot and optimize the battery protection structure. In order to withstand a strong impact force of at least 6 meters, EVA and carbon fiber materials were selected for anti drop design of the throwable robot. Based on Ls-Dyna, a drop simulation was conducted on three working conditions of the throwable robot, exploring the force conditions of each component of the robot and the reasons for damage. At the same time, a drop simulation was conducted on the robot battery and its box structure to analyze the reasons for battery failure and propose improvement plans. This indicated the effectiveness of the overall anti drop design and did not exceed the yield point of the designed material. At the same time, it was found that the root cause of battery failure was the soft material of the battery and the insufficient envelope area of the protection structure. The optimized robot battery deformation was reduced by 60%, and the battery failure was fundamentally improved. After simulation and actual throwing verification, the proposed optimization method can be used to guide the anti-drop design of throwable and anti-drop robots.