The work aims to realize low-cost and high-efficiency synthesis and large-scale application of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) as green packaging material by studying the carbon source substrate and affecting factors in its biosynthesis process in view of that its development is constrained by high production cost. The current research status and achievements of PHAs in China and abroad were summarized and analyzed. Besides, the carbon source substrate, microbial culture mode, as well as the effects of dissolved oxygen (DO), pH value, carbon nitrogen ratio on the synthesis efficiency of PHAs were introduced. Cheap biomass resources, reasonable carbon nitrogen ratio, multi batch aerobic-anaerobic culture, low dissolved oxygen concentration, neutral or alkaline culture environment have become important approaches to promote the accumulation of PHAs and reduce the production cost of PHAs. With the continuous optimization of the production process, the large-scale production and wide application of green bioplastics PHAs will drive the development of packaging materials in the direction of greening and safety.