The works aims to solve the problem of complicated preparation process and poor stability of aqueous foam. By single factor test, the effects of concentrations of tetradecyl alcohol (TDA) and gum arabic (GAC) on the stability of double film bubbles were investigated. On this basis, cellulose-based aqueous foam was prepared by foam forming method. The stability of cellulose-based aqueous foam was further improved by exploring appropriate concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), concentration of bagasse fibrillated fiber and stirring rate. The result was that TDA and GAC concentrations of 0.015 g/mL and 0.010 g/mL were the best conditions for preparation of double film bubbles. When the SDS concentration was 0.015 g/mL, the bagasse fibrillated fiber (BF) concentration was 1.8 wt.%, and the stirring rate was 2 000 r/min, the cellulose-based aqueous foam achieved the best stability. The stable cellulose-based aqueous foam is constructed, which provides a simple and feasible method for cellulose-based foam.