The work aims to reveal the structural regulation mechanism and affecting factors of polyurethane from the perspective of preparing environmental-friendly polyurethane resin with biomass resources, so as to provide a variety of effective preparation methods for vegetable oil-based polyurethane and its printing and packaging materials and abundant raw materials for printing and packaging materials. Different raw materials of polyurethane were prepared by different kinds of vegetable oil. The oil such as castor oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, linseed oil and lignin, cardanol, etc. were used to prepare biomass-based polyols, isocyanates, and diol raw materials as chain extenders. The conversion of biomass into active raw materials for the synthesis of environmental-friendly polyurethane was reviewed in depth and the major mechanism and approach were also introduced. It was considered that the epoxy ring-opening method was still the most common way to convert polyols from vegetable oil. The use of biomass resources and its waste to produce environmental-friendly polyurethane is the most effective way to prepare green polyurethane products in the future. Driven by green chemistry and nanotechnology, vegetable oil-based green and high-performance environmental-friendly polyurethane can become the key raw materials of printing ink, packaging adhesive, and coating, and has vast application potential.