The work aims to compare and analyze the environmental impact of the Miscanthus lutarioriparius-based packaging box and the wooden plywood packaging box in their whole life cycles and explore the ecological sustainability of the former to the latter. ReCiPe 2016 Midpoint (H) and ReCiPe 2016 Endpoint (H) were employed in 18 environmental impact categories based on life cycle assessment (LCA). The single score of environmental impact in the whole life cycle of Miscanthus lutarioriparius-based packaging boxes was 3.08 Pt, and the production, transportation and waste disposal stages of which accounted for 68%, 8% and 24%, respectively. The single score of that of traditional wooden plywood packaging boxes was 3.61 Pt, and the production, transportation and waste disposal stages of which accounted for 75%, 6% and 19%, respectively.. Compared with the latter, the environmental impact of the former was reduced by 14.7% per functional unit. The results show that the overall performance of the Miscanthus lutarioriparius-based packaging box is better than that of the traditional wooden plywood packaging box. It is found that the reduction of the consumption of Miscanthus lutarioriparius-based particleboard could bring the greatest environmental benefit. The cyclic utilization of the boxes and the separated biomass and the improvement of the design of packaging boxes are also ways to reduce the consumption of fossil resources. In the context of the withdrawal of the paper industry around Lake Dongting, this study provides technological and environmental evidence for decision makers to choose the way of utilization of Miscanthus lutarioriparius.