The paper aims to prepareoxidized bacterial cellulose containing aldehyde functional group by the oxidation of sodium periodate and improve the antibacterial properties of bacterial cellulose to provide a new idea for the comprehensive utilization of bacterial cellulose. After being optimized by single factor and orthogonal test, the oxidized bacterial cellulose was characterized by Fourier infrared spectrometer, scanning electron microscope to measure the content and retention rate of the aldehydeand. Besides, its antibacterial properties was investigated by the experimental strains of escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. When the concentration of sodium periodate was 0.3 mol/L, the pH of the suspension was 4.0, system temperature was 50 °C, and reaction time was 4.0 h, the optimal aldehyde group content and retention rate of the oxidized bacterial cellulose were 98% and 78%. After oxidation, the oxidized bacterial cellulose had aldehyde functional groups, and its inhibition zones for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were 21.5 and 23.3 mm. In this test, oxidized bacterial cellulose containing aldehyde groups is prepared. and it has good antibacterial properties.