This review summarizes the research progress of essential oil microcapsules in the field of food preservation, and provides a scientific research foundation for the further development of the application of essential oil microcapsules in food preservation. The methods and characteristics of the preparation of essential oil microcapsules in recent years are summarized, and the microfluidic method, reverse dispersion gel method, layer-by-layer self-assembly method and electrospray method are briefly introduced. The application methods of essential oil microcapsules in food preservation and the application research on fruits and vegetables, cold fresh meat products, processed products, food crops, etc. are summarized. The microcapsulation technology can expand the application of essential oils in the food industry. Essential oil microcapsules, as a new natural preservative, can inhibit the growth of microorganisms and extend the shelf life of foods when used in food storage. As a result, the essential oil microcapsules have great development potential in the field of food preservation.