This work aims to prepare graphene quantum dots (GQDs)/cellulose aerogel composites with cellulose and GQDs as the matrix and the filler. The aerogel composites were prepared by washing, solidifying and freeze-drying with primary wood pulp fibers as raw materials, aqueous solution of zinc chloride as solvent, anhydrous sodium sulfate as pore forming agent and GQDs as filling materials. The SEM, XRD, FT-IR and adsorption experiments were used to study the microstructure of aerogel materials and the adsorption property to methyl blue. The results showed that the aerogel materials prepared had a three-dimensional porous structure of low density and many large pores. The density of as-prepared cellulose aerogel was 0.113 g/cm3, and the removal rate of methyl blue was 5.85%. The density of aerogel composites was 0.116 g/cm3, and the absorption rate of methyl blue was 11.22%. Therefore, the addition of GQDs improves the adsorption effect of cellulose aerogel on methyl blue.