The work aims to study the effect of single-layer boron nitride (SBN) on the mechanical and friction properties of polypropylene (PP). Firstly, the SBN was prepared by ultrasonic exfoliation and surface modification method with silane coupling agent KH550. The PP, maleic anhydride grafted PP (PP-g-MAH) and SBN were uniformly mixed by a high-speed mixer. Then, an injection-molding machine was used to melt and blend the mixture to prepare PP/SBN composites. The surface hardness and wear resistance of PP/SBN were further improved when the mass fraction of SBN was lower than 1.6%. The mechanical strength and friction performance of PP/SBN were reduced when the mass fraction of SBN was higher than 1.6%. The tensile strength and impact strength of PP/SBN reached their maximum (35.27 MPa, 34.69 kJ/m2) when the mass fraction of SBN was 1.6%, respectively increased by 10.7% and 18.8% compared with pure PP. At this time, the friction coefficient and wear rate of PP/SBN respectively decreased by 15.1% and 32.4% compared with pure PP. The SBN (mass fraction of 1.6%) has enhanced and toughened effect on PP, and the mechanical properties and wear resistance of composites have been improved obviously.