目的 三维石墨烯在实际应用中所呈现的性能与其理论模拟结果相差甚远，目前尚无系统的原因分析和改进方法总结，回顾三维石墨烯的发展历程及近几年国内外研究进展是必要的，为三维石墨烯在工业设计和生产制备超级电容器电极活性材料中的应用提供参考。方法 综述三维石墨烯的制备方法，阐述其在超级电容器中应用的研究，针对三维结构塌陷问题的解决办法、杂原子掺杂提高材料整体比电容及石墨烯基电容器的理论模拟等方面进行总结。结果 三维石墨烯的制备方法主要有自组装法和模板法，自组装法还原度普遍较低，电容值一般为100~300 F/g;模板法制备的石墨烯比表面积可达500 m²/g以上;多元素掺杂体系在高电流密度下的电容保持率普遍不足80%;关于分级多孔结构的理论模拟研究不足。结论 制备分级多孔结构的三维石墨烯、多元素掺杂体系理论研究、非对称超级电容器的研究及应用将受到学者的关注。

The performance of three-dimensional graphene in practical application is far from its theoretical simulation results. There is no systematic reason analysis and summary of improvement methods at present.Therefore, it is necessary to review the development history of three-dimensional graphene and the research progress at home and abroad in recent years, which can provide a reference for the application of three-dimensional graphene in industrial design and production of active materials for supercapacitor electrodes. In this paper, the preparation methods of three-dimensional graphene materials are reviewed, and the research on its application in supercapacitors is described. The solutions to the problems of three-dimensional structure collapse, the improvement of the overall specific capacitance of materials by doping heteroatoms, and the theoretical simulation of graphene based capacitors are summarized. Three-dimensional graphene material is mainly prepared by self-assembly method and template method. The reduction degree of the former is not high and the capacitance value of it is generally between 100-300 F/g; the specific surface area of graphene prepared by the latter can reach more than 500 m2/g; the capacitance retention of the multi-element doped system is generally less than 80% at high current density; the theoretical simulation of hierarchical porous structure is insufficient. These will be concerned by scholars that the preparation of three-dimensional graphene with hierarchical porous structure, the theoretical research of multi-element doping system, and the research and application of asymmetric supercapacitor.